Table 2. Cross-sectional analysis comparing pre-diabeticsa (n = 191) and diabeticsb (n = 116) to those with normalc blood glucose levels (n = 867) in Wave 1 (W1).
(N = 1,174).
| n | Risk factors for pre-diabetesa | Risk factors for diabetesb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1d | Model 2e | Model 1d | Model 2e | ||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 895 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 279 | 2.5 (1.8–3.6)** | 2.3 (1.6–3.5)** | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) |
| Age | |||||
| ≤ 44 | 455 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 45–59 | 484 | 2.9 (2.0–4.3)** | 2.7 (1.8–4.0)** | 3.6 (2.0–6.5)** | 3.6 (1.9–6.6)** |
| ≥ 60 | 235 | 1.9 (1.2–3.3)* | 2.0 (1.2–3.5)* | 5.0(2.6–9.7)** | 5.6 (2.8–11.5)** |
| Education status | |||||
| ≤ High school | 428 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > High school | 746 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.5 (0.3 0.8)** | 0.5 (0.3–0.9)* |
| BMIf | |||||
| Normal | 436 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 499 | 1.9 (1.2–2.8)** | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)* | 1.7 (0.9–2.9) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) |
| Obese | 239 | 3.3 (2.1–5.3)** | 2.9 (1.8–4.7)** | 4.2 (2.4–7.4)** | 3.6 (2.0–6.5)** |
| Metabolic syndrome (MS)g | |||||
| No | 607 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 567 | 2.4 (1.7–3.4)** | 1.8 (1.3–2.6)** | 2.9 (1.8–4.5)** | 2.0 (1.2–3.2)** |
| Waist circumferenceh | |||||
| Normal | 227 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Elevated | 947 | 3.1 (1.8–5.5)** | 1.8 (0.99–3.3) | 2.9 (1.3–6.1)** | 1.3 (0.6–3.0) |
| HDL cholesteroli | |||||
| Normal | 184 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 990 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
| Triglyceridesj | |||||
| Normal | 654 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Elevated | 520 | 2.0 (1.4–2.7)** | 1.7 (1.2–2.4)** | 2.4 (1.6–3.6)** | 2.0 (1.3–3.1)** |
| Blood pressurek | |||||
| Normal | 807 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Elevated | 367 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5)** | 1.4 (0.96–2.0) | 2.5 (1.6–3.7)** | 1.9 (1.2–2.9)** |
| Number of MS components | |||||
| None or one | 219 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Two | 388 | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 0.8 (0.4–2.0) |
| Three | 403 | 3.0 (1.7–2.7)** | 1.9 (1.0–3.4)* | 2.8 (1.3–6.2)* | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
| Four | 164 | 3.5 (1.8–6.6)** | 2.0 (1.0–4.0)* | 5.7 (2.5–13.1)** | 2.7 (1.1–6.6)* |
| Elevated ALTl | |||||
| No | 958 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 216 | 2.2 (1.5–3.3)** | 1.7 (1.1–2.5)* | 2.5 (1.6–4.1)** | 2.1 (1.3–3.4)** |
| Uric Acidm | |||||
| Normal | 922 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Elevated | 252 | 1.5 (1.0–2.2)* | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
a Pre-diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/ dL.
b Diabetes was defined as a self-reported medical history of diabetes, current use of diabetes medications, and/or a fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/ dL.
c Normal blood glucose was defined as a fasting plasma glucose <100 mg/dL.
d Model 1: Adjusted for sex, age, education.
e Model 2: Adjusted for sex, age, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, ALT, physical activity, daily calories.
f Body mass index (BMI) was defined as normal <25 kg/m2, overweight between 25- <30 kg/m2, or obese ≥ 30 kg/m2.
g Metabolic Syndrome was defined based on the 2009 Criteria for Clinical Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome reported by Alberti et al [62], but we excluded glucose as one of the components.
h Abnormal waist circumference is defined as ≥ 80 cm for females and ≥ 90 cm for males [62].
i Low HDL-Cholesterol is defined as <50 mg/dL for females and <40 mg/dL for males.
j Elevated triglycerides is defined as ≥150 mg/dL for females and males.
k Elevated blood pressure is defined as ≥130/85 mmHg, or currently taking blood pressure medications.
l Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was defined as ALT > 40 IU/L for males and females.
m Uric acid levels ≥ 7.0 mg/dL for males and ≥ 5.7 mg/dL for females are considered normal.
** P < 0.01 for test of null hypothesis that the odds ratio is equal to the odds ratio in the reference category.
* P < 0.05 for test of null hypothesis that the odds ratio is equal to the odds ratio in the reference category.