Table 3. Change in risk factors from Wave 1 (W1) to Wave 2 (W2) and relative risk of developing pre-diabetesa (n = 243) or diabetesb (n = 35) in W2 among those with normalc blood glucose levels (N = 867) in Wave 1.
| n | Relative risk ratios (RRR) for those who developed pre-diabetes in W2 | Relative risk ratios (RRR) for those who developed diabetes in W2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1d | Model 2e | Model 1d | Model 2e | ||
| RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 683 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 184 | 1.8 (1.3–2.6)** | 2.0 (1.3–3.0)** | 1.7 (0.7–4.4) | 1.7 (0.6–4.9) |
| Age | |||||
| ≤ 44 | 224 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 45–59 | 369 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7)* | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 0.8 (0.1–4.4) | 1.6 (0.4–6.2) |
| ≥ 60 | 274 | 1.6 (0.8–3.2) | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | 0.6 (0.1–4.3) | 0.9 (0.1–6.2) |
| Education status | |||||
| ≤ High school | 278 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > High school | 589 | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 0.5 (0.1–2.6) | 0.4 (0.1–2.7) |
| BMI | |||||
| Remained normal | 270 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Weight loss | 57 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.8 (0.3–1.8) | 4.8 (1.1–20.3)* | 4.2 (0.97–17.9) |
| Remained Overweight | 268 | 2.0 (1.3–3.0)** | 1.9 (1.3–2.9)** | 4.3 (1.4–13.3)* | 4.2 (1.3–13.1)* |
| Remained Obese | 114 | 3.8(2.3–6.3)** | 3.4 (2.0–5.8)** | 7.1 (2.1–24.4)** | 7.6 (2.2–26.3)** |
| Weight gain | 158 | 2.4 (1.5–3.7)** | 2.4 (1.5–3.7)** | 1.7 (0.4–7.7) | 1.6 (0.4–7.4) |
| Metabolic syndrome (MS) | |||||
| Never had MS | 342 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer have MS | 93 | 2.0 (1.2–3.4)* | 1.5 (0.9–2.7) | 2.1 (0.5–8.7) | 1.3 (0.3–5.7) |
| Developed MS | 169 | 2.1 (1.4–3.2)** | 1.9 (1.2–2.9)** | 3.7 (1.3–10.8)* | 3.0 (1.0–9.0)* |
| Remained with MS | 263 | 3.0 (2.0–4.4)** | 2.2 (1.5–3.4)** | 4.9 (1.8–13.1)** | 2.7 (0.9–7.5) |
| Waist Circumference | |||||
| Never elevated | 75 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer elevated | 33 | 2.1 (0.7–6.7) | 1.9 (0.6–6.2) | n/af | n/af |
| Became elevated | 128 | 3.7 (1.6–8.6)** | 3.4 (1.4–7.9)** | n/af | n/af |
| Remained elevated | 631 | 4.6 (2.1–9.9)** | 2.8 (1.2–6.5)* | n/af | n/af |
| HDL cholesterol | |||||
| Never low | 93 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer low | 258 | 1.9 (0.99–3.5) | 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | 0.5 (0.1–1.8) | 0.5 (0.1–1.9) |
| Became low | 37 | 2.2 (0.9–5.4) | 1.8 (0.7–4.5) | 0.7 (0.1–6.1) | 0.6 (0.1–6.1) |
| Remained low | 479 | 2.9 (1.6–5.2)** | 2.5 (1.3–4.6)** | 1.3 (0.5–3.6) | 1.0 (0.4–3.1) |
| Triglycerides | |||||
| Never elevated | 343 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer elevated | 71 | 1.9 (1.0–3.3)* | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 3.2 (0.9–11.6) | 2.5 (0.6–9.5) |
| Became elevated | 191 | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)* | 1.6 (1.1–2.5)* | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) | 2.3 (0.8–6.7) |
| Remained elevated | 262 | 2.4 (1.7–3.6)** | 2.0 (1.4–3.0)** | 3.6 (1.4–9.1)** | 3.2 (1.2–8.1)* |
| Blood pressure | |||||
| Never elevated | 461 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer elevated | 42 | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.1 (0.1–8.7) | 0.7 (0.1–5.8) |
| Became elevated | 185 | 1.9 (1.3–2.9)** | 1.6 (1.1–2.5)* | 3.9 (1.6–9.6)** | 3.3 (1.3–8.2)* |
| Remained elevated | 179 | 1.8 (1.2–2.8)** | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 3.6 (1.4–9.4)** | 1.8 (0.6–5.2) |
| ALT | |||||
| Never elevated | 687 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer elevated | 71 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.9 (0.6–6.0) | 1.4 (0.4–4.6) |
| Became elevated | 52 | 2.6 (1.4–4.8)** | 2.2 (1.2–4.2)* | 7.6 (2.6–21.8)** | 6.1 (2.1–17.8)** |
| Remained elevated | 57 | 3.1 (1.7–5.5)** | 2.5 (1.3–4.5)** | 4.7 (1.5–14.0)** | 3.4 (1.1–10.6)* |
| Uric Acid | |||||
| Never elevated | 580 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No longer elevated | 57 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 4.8 (1.5–15.2)* | 3.0 (0.9–9.9) |
| Became elevated | 120 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 4.5 (1.7–12.0)** | 4.7 (1.7–12.6)* |
| Remained elevated | 110 | 1.5 (0.96–2.4) | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 8.0 (3.2–20.2)** | 5.1 (2.0–13.2)** |
a Pre-diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL.
b Diabetes was defined as a self-reported medical history of diabetes, current use of diabetes medications, and/or a fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 126 mg/ dL.
c Normal blood glucose was defined as a fasting plasma glucose <100 mg/dL.
d Model 1: Adjusted for sex, age, education.
e Model 2: Adjusted for sex, age, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, ALT, physical activity, calories.
** P < 0.01 for test of null hypothesis that the odds ratio is equal to the odds ratio in the reference category.
* P < 0.05 for test of null hypothesis that the odds ratio is equal to the odds ratio in the reference category.
f Too few participants were categorized as having referenced outcomes