Table 6. Long-term neuropsychological and psychiatric assessment scores in the long-term outcome cohort.
| HSV (n = 30) | Other (n = 24) | Unknown (n = 27) | Healthy Controls (n = 70) | Test statistic | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intelligence (WASI) | Fullscale IQ | 105.07 (16.64) | 108.82 (11.61) | 102.74 (15.27) | 108.24 (11.91) | F = 1.39 | 0.25 |
| Verbal IQ | 101.48 (17.58) | 103.35 (14.89) | 100.00 (16.03) | 106.71 (11.28) | F = 1.90 | 0.13 | |
| Performance IQ | 108.21 (18.71) | 111.55 (11.43) | 105.11 (19.29) | 107.89 (14.17) | F = 0.67 | 0.57 | |
| Retrograde Memory (AMI) | Personal semantic | 55.48 (7.24) | 57.00 (5.51) | 56.70 (6.37) | 58.72 (4.20) | H = 4.88 | 0.18 |
| Autobiographical incidents | 19.14 (5.45) **◊ | 20.90 (6.24) | 20.63 (5.20) *◊ | 23.27 (2.65) | H = 13.15 | 0.004 | |
| Executive function | Verbal fluency⁰ (FAS) | 49.90 (14.26) | 48.84 (13.10) | 47.04 (12.81) | 54.01 (14.32) | F = 2.03 | 0.11 |
| Executive Control ⁰ (Trails A-B) | 53.80 (48.46) | 33.02 (29.44) | 35.45 (28.50) | 34.94 (24.73) | H = 3.61 | 0.31 | |
| Response initiation speed⁰ (Hayling) | 5.03 (1.75) | 5.43 (1.20) | 5.37 (1.04) | 5.50 (0.96) | H = 2.53 | 0.31 | |
| Response suppression speed⁰ (Hayling) | 5.03 (1.56) | 5.43 (1.27) | 5.19 (1.21) | 5.71 (0.75) | H = 5.96 | 0.11 | |
| Response suppression accuracy⁰ (Hayling) | 6.07 (2.07) | 5.83 (2.69) | 7.74 (2.40) | 6.30 (1.81) | H = 0.44 | 0.93 | |
| Rule detection⁰ (Brixton errors) | 16.87 (7.60) | 16.57 (10.06) | 16.22 (7.68) | 14.01 (6.57) | H = 3.92 | 0.27 | |
| Language & semantic ability | Naming (graded) | 16.70 (7.73) ^ | 21.96 (4.85) | 19.48 (4.79) | 20.66 (4.92) | F = 4.01 □ | 0.009 |
| Visual semantic access⁰ (PPT) | 50.17 (2.26) | 51.39 (0.78) | 51.52 (0.58) | 50.19 (1.83) | H = 23.42 | <0.001 | |
| Perception | Incomplete letters⁰ (VOSP) | 19.54 (1.04) | 19.32 (1.00) | 19.78 (0.51) | 19.38 (0.75) | H = 8.22 | 0.04 |
| Object decision⁰ (VOSP) | 18.17 (2.24) | 18.59 (1.56) | 18.30 (1.88) | 17.21 (2.00) | H = 14.81 | 0.002 | |
| Position discrimination⁰ (VOSP) | 19.31 (2.49) | 19.86 (0.47) | 19.48 (1.40) | 19.68 (0.68) | H = 1.96 | 0.58 | |
| Face recognition⁰ (Benton) | 47.60 (4.17) | 48.48 (4.23) | 48.19 (2.29 | 48.74 (3.47) | H = 2.54 | 0.47 | |
| Psychiatric measures | BDI | 13.81 (8.13) **◊ | 12.65 (12.15) *◊ | 12.20 (11.15) **◊ | 5.48 (5.37) | H = 26.01 | <0.001 |
| BAI | 10.04 (9.51) **◊ | 10.00 (9.80) **◊ | 9.36 (9.38) *◊ | 4.36 (4.64) | H = 13.58 | 0.004 |
The mean scores (standard deviations) of each patient group and the healthy control group for all neuropsychological assessments and psychiatric measures are shown in this table. Alongside are the test statistics [Kruskal-Wallis test (H); One-way ANOVA (F); or ANCOVA (F)] and all main effect p-values. For significant main effects, post-hoc tests were conducted for each patient group vs the healthy control group and significant differences are indicated by * for p≤ 0.05 and ** for p≤ 0.01.
Notations: ⁰ all mean scores in non-impaired range
^ non-significant trend (0.05<p<0.07)
† Hochberg GT2/Games-Howell post-hoc (parametric)
◊ Mann Whitney U post-hoc (non-parametric) (alpha value p = 0.02)
▪ Bonferroni-corrected pairwise analysis (ANCOVA post-hoc). ANCOVA covariates
♦ Beck Depression Inventory
□ Beck Anxiety Inventory. Abbreviations: WASI (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence), AMI (Autobiographical Memory Inventory), FAS (F-A-S verbal fluency test), PPT (Pyramids & Palm Trees), VOSP (Visual Object and Space Perception), BDI (Beck’s Depression Inventory), BAI (Beck’s Anxiety Inventory)