Table 1.
Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) viral pneumonia and total, early, and late acute kidney injury
| No AKI (n = 41) | AKI (n = 43) | Early AKI (n = 28) | Late AKI (n = 15) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 42 (16) | 46 (13) | 48 (13) | 43 (15) |
| Male, n (%) | 15 (38) | 30 (72)* | 21 (77)* | 9 (60)* |
| Body mass index kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29 (7) | 33 (2) | 34 (9) | 31 (11) |
| APACHE II, mean (SD) | 17 (7) | 20 (7)* | 22 (7)* | 16 (5)† |
| APACHE IInonrenal, mean (SD) | 17 (1) | 18 (1) | 18 (7) | 15 (5) |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 1 (2) | 19 (44)* | 9 (32)* | 10 (67)*,† |
| Noninvasive ventilation, n (%) | 23 (56) | 10 (23) | 6 (21)* | 3 (20)* |
| Days of mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) | 10 (2, 15) | 8 (4, 16) | 9 (3, 16) | 15 (12, 20) |
| ICU length of stay, median (IQR), days | 10 (5, 16) | 11 (5, 16) | 9 (4, 16) | 15 (12, 18) |
| ICU mortality, n (%) | 16 (39) | 31 (72)* | 17 (61) | 14 (93)*,† |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR), days | 17 (12, 23) | 18 (11, 34) | 15 (11, 37) | 28 (28, 28) |
| Physiological and biochemical parameters | ||||
| Cardiovascular failure, n (%) | 11 (27) | 26 (60)* | 17 (61)* | 9 (60)* |
| PEEP (cm H2O), mean (SD) | 10 (4) | 13 (5)* | 13 (5)* | 13 (4)* |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 194 (142) | 126 (74)* | 124 (71)* | 128 (84) |
| Platelet count × 1,000/ml, mean (SD) | 223 (63) | 186 (74)* | 180 (81)* | 185 (69) |
| Bilirubin, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.6)* | 1.2 (0.8)* | 0.6 (0.3) |
| Fluid balance (ml/24 h), mean (SD) | 1,008 (1,010) | 1,421 (2,017) | 3,075 (1,428)* | 735 (1,958) |
| Urine output (ml/kg/h), mean (SD) | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.6)* | 1.2 (0.61) |
* p < 0.05 versus non-AKI
† p < 0.05 versus early AKI
AKI acute kidney injury, ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure