Table 1.
Summary of differentially expressed gene and protein profiles in preeclampsia
| Pathways/system | Targets | Refs. |
|---|---|---|
| Up-regulation | ||
| Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) | Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, angiotensin II receptor, type 1 (AGTR1a), angiotensin II AT1 receptor, agonistic angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor autoantibodies | [75, 76] |
| Angiogenesis | Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (FLT1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), endoglin (ENG) | [43, 55 75, 76, 77, 78, 79] |
| Inflammation and cytokines | NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), oncostatin M (OSM), lactotransferrin, interleukin 9 (IL9), Epstein–Barr virus induced 3 (EBI3), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (IRAK3), colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), TNF-alpha, IL-6, TGF-beta | [43, 75, 76, 80] |
| Stress and detoxification | Cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A (CYP11A), CYP26A1, heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), epoxide hydrolase 2 (EPHX2) | [27, 43, 75, 77] |
| Metabolism | Leptin (LEP), spermine oxidase (SMOX), acetate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), glia maturation factor, beta (GMFB), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B), transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), cysteine dioxygenase, type I (CDO1), insulin-like 4 (INSL4), phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2) | [38, 43, 76, 77, 79] |
| Adhesion | Claudin 6 (CLDN6), catenin (CTNNB1), cadherin 5 (CDH5), vitronectin (VTN), protocadherin alpha 3 (PCDHA3), selectin-P (SELP), neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) | [43, 75, 79, 80, 81] |
| Cell structure | Titin (TTN), actinin 4 (ACTN4), fibulin 1 (FBLN1), filamin B (FLNB), talin 1 (TLN1), dystroglycan 1 (DAG1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), adducin 1 (ADD1), integrin, alpha 2 (ITGA2) | [75, 79, 81] |
| Signal | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), MAPK4, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (PTPN1), PTPN6, PTPN11, PTPN12, SHC (Src homology 2 domain containing) transforming protein 1 (SHC1), SMAD4, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2), protein kinase C, zeta (PRKCZ), protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), v-src sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog (SRC), vav 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (VAV2), vestigial like 1 (VGLL1), protein C receptor (PROCR), caspase-10 (CASP10), death receptor 3 (DR-3), regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5), cyclin B1 (CCNB1) | [43, 75, 81, 82] |
| Protease | Laeverin (AQPEP), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12, meltrin-alpha (ADAM 12), secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI), endothelial nitric oxide synthesis (eNOS) | [75, 78, 83] |
| Others | Coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor (F2R), Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIb, receptor (CD32) (FCGR2B), Fc fragment of IgG, high affinity Ia, receptor (CD64) (FCGR1A), inhibin A (INHA), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 2 (TIMD2), integral membrane protein 2A (ITM2a), immunoglobulin superfamily, member 3 (IGSF3) | [40, 75] |
| Down-regulation | ||
| Angiogenesis | Matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), MMP10, fibroblast growth factor binding protein 1 (FGFBP1), vasohibin 1 (VASH1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15 (EPS15) | [73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81] |
| Protease | MMP-7, MMP-12, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (SERPINE1, PAI-1) [41] | [80, 84] |
| Metabolism | Aldo–keto reductase family 1, member C3 (AKR1C3), solute carrier family 25, member 13 (SLC25A13) | [85] |
| Growth factors | Platelet derived growth factor D (PDGFD), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) | [78, 82] |
| Adhesion | KiSS-1 metastasis-suppressor (KISS-1) [41] | [86] |
| Others | Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, three domains, long cytoplasmic tail, 2 (KIR3DL2), churchill domain containing 1 (CHURC1), nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 (NR4A2) | [81] |