Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Demographic, Clinical, and Recovery-Related Characteristics (N = 1,946)
| Characteristics | % or M | SE |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| 18–29 | 17.2% | 1.5% |
| 30–44 | 27.6% | 1.5% |
| 45–59 | 34.5% | 1.5% |
| 60+ | 20.7% | 1.0% |
| Female | 40.2% | 1.5% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| 2+ races | 1.7% | .3% |
| Black—non-Hispanic | 13.9% | 1.2% |
| Other—non-Hispanic | 5.9% | .9% |
| Hispanic | 17.0% | 1.4% |
| White | 61.5% | 1.7% |
| Geographical region | ||
| Northeast | 16.5% | 1.2% |
| Midwest | 21.1% | 1.3% |
| South | 34.2% | 1.6% |
| West | 28.2% | 1.5% |
| Education level (1–14)a | 9.79 | .07 |
| Household income (1–19)b | 10.43 | .16 |
| Religiosity (1–4) | 2.38 | .03 |
| Spirituality (1– 4) | 2.75 | .03 |
| Criminal justice history | ||
| Arrested, drug court | 7.9% | 1.0% |
| Arrested, no drug court | 43.0% | 1.6% |
| None | 49.1% | 1.6% |
| Psychiatric symptoms (0–24) | 4.91 | .18 |
| Quality of life (8–40) | 29.18 | .22 |
| Lifetime AUD medication prescription | 5.4% | .7% |
| Lifetime OUD agonist medication prescription | 4.2% | .7% |
| Lifetime OUD antagonist medication prescription | .5% | .3% |
| Inpatient or outpatient treatment | 25.3% | 1.4% |
| History of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder | 33.6% | 1.5% |
| Alcohol problemc | 63.1% | 1.6% |
| Cannabis problem | 18.1% | 1.3% |
| Cocaine problem | 20.5% | 1.2% |
| Methamphetamine problem | 12.8% | 1.1% |
| Opioid problem | 11.1% | 1.0% |
| Number lifetime problem substances | 3.41 | .09 |
| Primary substance | ||
| None | 12.6% | 1.1% |
| Alcohol | 51.2% | 1.6% |
| Cannabis | 10.8% | 1.1% |
| Cocaine | 10.1% | .9% |
| Methamphetamine | 7.4% | .9% |
| Opioids | 5.4% | .8% |
| Other | 2.5% | .5% |
| Years since AOD problem resolution | 11.83 | .31 |
| Total abstinence | 51.0% | 1.6% |
| Recovery identity | 45.6% | 1.6% |
| Any regular 12-step attendance | 32.3% | 1.5% |
| Any regular non–12-step MHO attendance | 5.1% | .7% |
| Past 90-day 12-step MHO attendance | 10.9% | 1.0% |
| Past 90-day non–12-step attendance | 2.2% | .5% |
| Any non-MHO recovery support service | 22.3% | 1.4% |
Note. AUD = alcohol use disorder; OUD = opioid use disorder; AOD = alcohol and other drug; MHO = mutual-help organization.
Education is an ordinal variable from 1 (no formal education) to 14 (professional or doctoral degree).
Household income is an ordinal variable from 1 (less than $5,000) to 19 ($175,000 or more).
Substance problems (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid) were dichotomous yes/no variables and not mutually exclusive, such that participants could report more than one problem substance. Of those that participants reported as a problem, they were asked to choose just one primary substance; thus, these responses were mutually exclusive.