Table 2.
Odds Ratios (ORs) and Significance Testing for Single-Predictor Logistic Regressions (Single; Ns = 1,932–1,946) and Adjusted Odds Ratios (aORs) and Significance Testing for Multivariable-Predictor Logistic Regression (Multi; N = 1,912) Examining Correlates of Opioid Agonist Medication Attitudes (Positive, Neutral, or Negative)a by Positive Versus Neutral and Negative Versus Neutral Pairwise Comparisons
|
p |
Positive versus neutral |
Negative versus neutral |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Singleb | Multib | OR | aOR | OR | aOR |
| Age | .102 | |||||
| 18–29 (ref)c | — | — | ||||
| 30–44 | 1.26 | .69 | .67 | |||
| 45–59 | 1.36 | .66 | .66 | |||
| 60+ | .92 | .59* | .66 | |||
| Gender (female = ref) | .758 | 1.06 | .92 | |||
| Race/Ethnicity | .001 | <.001 | ||||
| 2 + Races | 3.38** | 3.61* | 2.20* | 1.78 | ||
| Black—non-Hispanic | .75 | .76 | 1.67* | 1.71* | ||
| Other—non-Hispanic | 1.08 | 1.00 | .46 | .41 | ||
| Hispanic | 1.08 | 1.06 | 1.94** | 1.84* | ||
| White (ref) | — | — | — | — | ||
| Geographical region | .577 | |||||
| Northeast | 1.17 | 1.20 | ||||
| Midwest | .98 | 1.14 | ||||
| South | .76 | 1.10 | ||||
| West | — | — | ||||
| Education level | .219 | 1.02 | .93 | |||
| Household income | .352 | 1.00 | .98 | |||
| Religiosity | .599 | .93 | 1.01 | |||
| Spirituality | .190 | .95 | 1.11 | |||
| Criminal justice history | .104 | |||||
| Arrested, drug court | 1.03 | 1.91 | ||||
| Arrested, no drug court | 1.33 | 1.02 | ||||
| None (ref) | — | — | — | |||
| Psychiatric symptoms | .238 | 1.02 | .99 | |||
| Quality of life | .193 | .99 | 1.01 | |||
| Lifetime AUD medication prescription (no = ref) | .025 | .104 | 2.18* | 1.65 | .87 | .70 |
| Lifetime opioid agonist medication prescription (no = ref) | .067 | .115 | 2.25* | 1.62 | 2.23 | 2.57* |
| Lifetime opioid antagonist medication prescription (no = ref) | .995 | .90 | d | |||
| Inpatient or outpatient treatment (no = ref) | .026 | .131 | 1.57** | 1.43 | .99 | 1.01 |
| History of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder (no = ref) | .006 | .112 | 1.67** | 1.43* | 1.01 | .98 |
| Alcohol problem (no = ref) | .469 | .89 | .95 | |||
| Cannabis problem (no = ref) | .246 | .78 | 1.20 | |||
| Cocaine problem (no = ref) | .583 | 1.20 | 1.13 | |||
| Methamphetamine problem (no = ref) | .814 | .86 | .95 | |||
| Opioid problem (no = ref) | .673 | 1.26 | 1.11 | |||
| Number problem substances | .708 | .99 | 1.04 | |||
| Primary substance | .661 | |||||
| None | .76 | 1.52 | ||||
| Alcohol | .80 | .96 | ||||
| Cannabis | .89 | 1.42 | ||||
| Cocaine | 1.05 | 1.19 | ||||
| Methamphetamine | .78 | .70 | ||||
| Opioids (ref) | — | — | ||||
| Other | 1.32 | 1.70 | ||||
| Years since AOD problem resolution | .008 | .021 | .98** | .98** | .99 | .99 |
| Total abstinence (no = ref) | .239 | 1.00 | 1.31 | |||
| Recovery identity (no = ref) | .580 | 1.18 | 1.04 | |||
| Any regular 12-step attendance (no = ref) | .433 | 1.24 | 1.13 | |||
| Any regular non–12-step MHO attendance (no = ref) | .698 | 1.13 | .76 | |||
| Past 90-day 12-step MHO attendance (no = ref) | .641 | 1.10 | 1.29 | |||
| Past 90-day non–12-Step Attendance (no = ref) | .809 | .96 | 1.41 | |||
| Any non-MHO recovery support service (no = ref) | .842 | 1.10 | 1.09 | |||
Note. AUD = alcohol use disorder; OUD = opioid use disorder; AOD = alcohol and other drug; MHO = mutual-help organization.
Attitude was determined by response to the statement, “It is a good idea for someone with an opioid problem to take a substitute opioid medication like Suboxone or methadone to help them stop using.” Positive attitude = strongly agree or agree; neutral attitude = somewhat agree or somewhat disagree; negative attitude = disagree or strongly disagree.
Multivariable-predictor logistic regression models included only the predictors significant at the .10 level in single-predictor models.
ref = reference group in logistic regression; if reference group is not specified (e.g., education level), the variable is continuous/ordinal, and the odds ratio represents the increase in log-odds for each 1-unit increase.
None of those with lifetime opioid antagonist prescription had a negative opioid agonist attitude. Odds ratio could not be computed.
p < .05.
p < .01.