Table 3.
Odds Ratios (ORs) and Significance Testing for Single-Predictor Logistic Regressions (Single; Ns = 1,932–1,946) and Adjusted Odds Ratios (aORs) and Significance Testing for Multivariable Predictor Logistic Regression (Multi; N = 1,912) Examining Correlates of Opioid Antagonist Medication Attitudes (Positive, Neutral, or Negative)a by Positive Versus Neutral and Negative Versus Neutral Pairwise Comparisons
|
p |
Positive versus neutral |
Negative versus neutral |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Single | Multi | OR | aORb | OR | aORb |
| Age | .063 | .027 | ||||
| 18–29 (ref)c | — | — | ||||
| 30–44 | 2.52* | 2.21 | .82 | .96 | ||
| 45–59 | 2.90** | 3.16** | .82 | .92 | ||
| 60+ | 2.49* | 3.21** | .70 | .83 | ||
| Gender (female = ref) | .669 | .91 | .88 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | .104 | |||||
| 2+ races | 1.76 | 1.50 | ||||
| Black—non-Hispanic | 1.09 | 1.73* | ||||
| Other—non-Hispanic | 1.00 | .71 | ||||
| Hispanic | .89 | 1.59* | ||||
| White (ref) | — | — | — | |||
| Geographical region | .505 | |||||
| Northeast | 1.38 | 1.16 | ||||
| Midwest | 1.02 | 1.14 | ||||
| South | .86 | 1.17 | ||||
| West | — | — | ||||
| Education level | .377 | .96 | .94 | |||
| Household income | .039 | .172 | .96* | .98 | .97* | .97 |
| Religiosity | .268 | 1.02 | 1.12 | |||
| Spirituality | .075 | .025 | 1.00 | .89 | 1.17* | 1.15* |
| Criminal justice history | .019 | .179 | ||||
| Arrested, drug court | 1.14 | .62 | 2.23** | 1.70 | ||
| Arrested, no drug court | 1.31 | 1.02 | .94 | .98 | ||
| None (ref) | — | — | — | |||
| Psychiatric symptoms | .288 | 1.02 | 1.00 | |||
| Quality of life | .016 | .446 | .97** | .99 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Lifetime AUD medication prescription (no = ref) | .039 | .777 | 2.29* | 1.13 | 1.31 | .85 |
| Lifetime OUD agonist medication prescription (no = ref) | <.001 | <.001 | 15.5*** | 13.05*** | 5.86*** | 3.91** |
| Lifetime OUD antagonist medication prescription (no = ref) | .031 | .454 | 25.82** | 7.47 | 9.11 | 4.58 |
| Inpatient or outpatient treatment (no = ref) | .003 | .060 | 1.66** | 1.27 | .86 | .68 |
| History of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder (no = ref) | .001 | .079 | 1.91*** | 1.44 | 1.11 | .93 |
| Alcohol problem (no = ref) | .862 | 1.03 | .93 | |||
| Cannabis problem (no = ref) | .224 | .80 | 1.24 | |||
| Cocaine problem (no = ref) | .689 | 1.05 | 1.16 | |||
| Methamphetamine problem (no = ref) | .711 | 1.06 | .85 | |||
| Opioid problem (no = ref) | .116 | 1.72 | 1.16 | |||
| Number problem substances | .351 | 1.06 | 1.07 | |||
| Primary substance | .350 | |||||
| None | .55 | 1.54 | ||||
| Alcohol | .75 | 1.05 | ||||
| Cannabis | .80 | 1.43 | ||||
| Cocaine | .90 | 1.30 | ||||
| Methamphetamine | .82 | .80 | ||||
| Opioids (ref) | — | — | ||||
| Other | 1.30 | 1.79 | ||||
| Years since AOD problem resolution | .149 | .99 | .99 | |||
| Total abstinence (no = ref) | .164 | 1.01 | 1.32 | |||
| Recovery identity (no = ref) | .004 | .387 | 1.74*** | 1.26 | 1.16 | .96 |
| Any regular 12-step attendance (no = ref) | .030 | .543 | 1.53* | 1.15 | 1.33 | 1.25 |
| Any regular non–12-step MHO attendance (no = ref) | .304 | 1.62 | 1.03 | |||
| Past 90-day 12-step MHO attendance (no = ref) | .064 | .259 | 1.33 | .89 | 1.76* | 1.47 |
| Past 90-day non–12-Step attendance (no = ref) | .003 | .105 | 5.04*** | 2.86* | 2.48 | 1.83 |
| Any non-MHO recovery support service (no = ref) | .158 | 1.32 | 1.40 | |||
Note. AUD = alcohol use disorder; OUD = opioid use disorder; AOD = alcohol and other drug; MHO = mutual-help organization.
Attitude was determined by response to the statement, “It is a good idea for someone with an opioid problem to take an opioid blocking medication like naltrexone/Vivitrol to help them stop using.” Positive attitude = strongly agree or agree; neutral attitude = somewhat agree or somewhat disagree; negative attitude = disagree or strongly disagree.
Multivariable-predictor logistic regression models included only the predictors significant at the .10 level in single-predictor models.
ref = reference group in logistic regression; if reference group is not specified (e.g., education level), the variable is continuous/ordinal, and the odds ratio represents the increase in log-odds for each 1-unit increase.
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.