Table IV.
Cognitive, language, and motor skills as mediators of the relationship between BPD grade and problem behaviors.
| Indirect Effect of BPD Grade on Problem Behavior through a Mediator | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Skills | Language Skills | Motor Skills | |
| Problem Behavior | Adj. SMD (95% CI) | Adj. SMD (95% CI) | Adj. SMD (95% CI) |
| CBCL Syndrome Scales | |||
| Aggressive Behavior | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.08) | −0.04 (−0.13, 0.02) |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.29) | 0.00 (−0.21, 0.20) | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.06) |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.19 (−0.09, 0.52) | −0.01 (−0.32, 0.31) | −0.21 (−0.57, 0.12) |
| Anxious/Depressed | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.11)A | 0.05 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.13)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.33)A | 0.14 (−0.01, 0.31) | 0.15 (0.00, 0.33)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.32 (0.09, 0.59)A | 0.21 (−0.02, 0.47) | 0.26 (−0.01, 0.57) |
| Attention Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.23)A | 0.14 (0.05, 0.27)A | 0.09 (0.02, 0.20)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.41 (0.22, 0.67)A | 0.37 (0.15, 0.65)A | 0.24 (0.04, 0.49)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.77 (0.42, 1.20)A | 0.57 (0.24, 0.98)A | 0.44 (0.06, 0.86)A |
| Emotionally Reactive | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.21)A | 0.14 (0.06, 0.26)A | 0.13 (0.06, 0.25)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.37 (0.20, 0.61)A | 0.38 (0.19, 0.62)A | 0.36 (0.18, 0.61)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.69 (0.38, 1.08)A | 0.58 (0.29, 0.95)A | 0.65 (0.32, 1.07)A |
| Sleep Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.08) |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.21) | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.15) | 0.02 (−0.19, 0.22) |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.02 (−0.32, 0.39) | −0.11 (−0.45, 0.23) | 0.04 (−0.34, 0.40) |
| Somatic Complaints | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.13)A | 0.09 (0.03, 0.17)A | 0.10 (0.04, 0.20)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.19 (0.06, 0.37)A | 0.23 (0.08, 0.42)A | 0.27 (0.11, 0.49)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.36 (0.11, 0.66)A | 0.36 (0.11, 0.64)A | 0.49 (0.19, 0.83)A |
| Withdrawn | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.35 (0.12, 0.59)A | 0.58 (0.33, 0.87)A | 0.49 (0.26, 0.75)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.70)A | 1.57 (1.11, 2.06)A | 1.33 (0.90, 1.83)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 2.30 (1.72, 2.98)A | 2.37 (1.73, 3.07)A | 2.43 (1.82, 3.17)A |
| DSM-Oriented Scales | |||
| Affective Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.13 (0.05, 0.24)A | 0.20 (0.11, 0.33)A | 0.19 (0.10, 0.31)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.45 (0.27, 0.68)A | 0.55 (0.34, 0.80)A | 0.50 (0.31, 0.77)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.22)A | 0.83 (0.53, 1.22)A | 0.91 (0.57, 1.32)A |
| Anxiety Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.11)A | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.14 (0.00, 0.32) | −0.03 (−0.21, 0.15) | 0.07 (−0.10, 0.26) |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.26 (−0.02, 0.57) | −0.04 (−0.32, 0.24) | 0.12 (−0.17, 0.46) |
| Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.13)A | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.13) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.06) |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.18 (0.02, 0.37)A | 0.11 (−0.09, 0.31) | −0.02 (−0.20, 0.16) |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.33 (0.04, 0.66)A | 0.16 (−0.13, 0.48) | −0.04 (−0.37, 0.29) |
| Oppositional Defiant Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.10) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.03) |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.28) | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.09) |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.19 (−0.09, 0.49) | 0.12 (−0.17, 0.42) | −0.14 (−0.47, 0.17) |
| Pervasive Developmental Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.30 (0.10, 0.51)A | 0.53 (0.29, 0.80)A | 0.41 (0.22, 0.64)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 1.04 (0.68, 1.46)A | 1.43 (1.02, 1.90)A | 1.11 (0.74, 1.55)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 1.97 (1.44, 2.58)A | 2.19 (1.63, 2.86)A | 2.01 (1.47, 2.66)A |
| Problem Scores | |||
| Externalizing Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.19)A | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.25) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.10) |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.24 (−0.02, 0.54) | 0.25 (−0.07, 0.61) | −0.05 (−0.37, 0.25) |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 0.44 (−0.04, 0.98) | 0.39 (−0.10, 0.94) | −0.09 (−0.66, 0.46) |
| Internalizing Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.57)A | 0.54 (0.31, 0.83)A | 0.44 (0.24, 0.71)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.63)A | 1.45 (1.00, 1.98)A | 1.19 (0.79, 1.71)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 2.14 (1.52, 2.86)A | 2.20 (1.55, 2.96)A | 2.16 (1.52, 2.93)A |
| Total Problems | |||
| BPD Grade 1 (vs. 0) | 0.21 (0.07, 0.39)A | 0.35 (0.19, 0.59)A | 0.24 (0.11, 0.44)A |
| BPD Grade 2 (vs. 0) | 0.72 (0.42, 1.12)A | 0.95 (0.59, 1.40)A | 0.65 (0.33, 1.05)A |
| BPD Grade 3 (vs. 0) | 1.35 (0.82, 1.98)A | 1.46 (0.91, 2.14)A | 1.18 (0.61, 1.85)A |
A
p<0.05.
Note: Adj. SMD: adjusted standardized mean difference
Values shown are the indirect effect of BPD grade on CBCL scores through the mediator and are expressed as the standardized mean difference in CBCL scores for each BPD grade versus no BPD. Analyses were adjusted for sex, gestational age, small-for-gestational age, race, Hispanic ethnicity, maternal education, insurance type, center, grade III/IV ICH, severe ROP, and postnatal steroids.