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. 2020 Mar 25;10:5472. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62208-3

Table 1.

Syphilis prevalence data from Yunnan province.

Population group Population type Year, midpoint Diagnostic test N positive N tested Prevalence (%) Weight (%) Location/Sites Source
Lower-risk women ANC: Survey 2005 RPR & TPHA 4 3,242 0.12 25 4 national surveillance sites within Yunnan province (Kunming, Qilin, Longyang and Gejiu) 16
2006 15 3,241 0.46 25
2007 3 2,702 0.11 25
2008 12 3,215 0.37 25
2009 0 3,041 0.00 25
2010 4 1,599 0.25 25
2011 5 1,600 0.31 25
2012 5 1,600 0.31 25
2013 1 1,600 0.06 25
2014 9 1,600 0.56 25
2015 4 1,600 0.25 25
2016 6 1,600 0.38 25
2017 6 1,596 0.38 25
ANC: Routine screening 2011 RPR & TPHA 239 637,241 0.04 0 All 16 prefectures and 129 counties 2
2012 690 786,334 0.09 0
2013 1,032 753,696 0.14 0
2014 1,338 761,945 0.18 0
2015 1,360 730,474 0.19 99.66
2016 1,879 888,171 0.21 99.92 (Unpublished) program data, Yunnan CDC, Kunming, Yunnan
2017 1,974 814,401 0.24 99.95
Blood Donor Screening 2008 TPHA alone 120 29,584 0.41 43.75 7 prefectures (Chuxiong, Nujiang, Wenshan, Xishuangbanna, Yuxi, Diqing and Qujing) 17,18
2009 132 32,465 0.41 43.75
2010 139 34,310 0.41 43.75
2011 141 35,771 0.39 43.75
2012 165 39,956 0.41 43.75
2013 159 38,165 0.42 43.75
2014 142 42,835 0.33 43.75
2015 179 45,849 0.39 43.75
2016 241 52,006 0.46 43.75
2017 238 55,471 0.43 43.75
Premarital Screening 2001 TPHA alone 24 3,742 0.34 6.25 1 site (urban and rural) 19
Lower-risk men Blood Donor Screening 2008 TPHA alone 217 43,020 0.50 43.75 7 prefectures (Chuxiong, Nujiang, Wenshan, Xishuangbanna, Yuxi, Diqing and Qujing) 17,18
2009 244 47,547 0.51 43.75
2010 220 52,385 0.42 43.75
2011 229 56,517 0.41 43.75
2012 297 62,171 0.48 43.75
2013 236 56,320 0.42 43.75
2014 252 61,675 0.41 43.75
2015 275 65,825 0.42 43.75
2016 339 73,984 0.46 43.75
2017 317 76,685 0.41 43.75
Premarital Screening 2001 TPHA alone 24 3,742 0.34 6.25 1 site (urban and rural) 19
Lower-risk Women + Men pooled Blood Donor Screening 2008 TPHA alone 39 9,102 0.43 6.25/0* 1 prefecture (Dehong) 20
2009 29 10,034 0.29 6.25/0*
2010 36 11,622 0.31 6.25/0*
2011 35 13,302 0.26 6.25/0*
2012 53 13,164 0.40 6.25/0*
2013 39 12,295 0.32 6.25/0*
FSW FSW: Study 2006 RPR & TPHA 55 737 7.46 10 1 site (Kaiyuan City) 21
FSW: Study 2006 RPR & TPHA 12 96 12.50 20 2 sites (Kafang & Laochang towns) 50
FSW: Study 2007 RPR & TPHA 27 397 6.80 10 1 site (Kaiyuan City) 26
FSW: Study 2007 RPR & TPHA 32 270 11.85 10 Detaining education centre, urban 28
FSW FSW: Study 2010.5 RPR & TPHA 3 201 1.49 10 1 site (Kaiyuan City) 27
FSW: Study 2011 RPR & TPHA 113 1,775 6.37 10 1 site (Kaiyuan City) 53
FSW: Study 2012 RPR & TPHA 62 734 8.45 10 1 site (Kaiyuan City) 23
FSW: Study 2012.5 RPR & TPHA 44 225 19.56 40 4 sites (Dali, Jinghong, Kaiyuan and Menghai cities) 24
FSW: Study 2017 RPR & TPHA 13 423 3.07 10 1 site (Kunming City) 29
FSW: Sentinel 2005 RPR & TPHA 107 5,849 1.83 100 All 16 prefectures 16
2006 50 5,396 0.93 100
2007 92 5,782 1.59 100
2008 77 5,909 1.30 100
2009 71 6,225 1.14 100
2010 135 5,960 2.27 100
2011 113 6,026 1.88 100
2012 146 6,047 2.41 100
2013 88 6,464 1.36 100
2014 68 5,495 1.24 100
2015 54 5,836 0.93 100
2016 104 6,336 1.64 100
MSM MSM: Sentinel 2010 RPR & TPHA 44 1,169 3.76 87.5 14 prefectures 16
2011 21 1,556 1.35 87.5
2012 65 2,613 2.49 87.5
2013 83 2,992 2.77 87.5
2014 91 3,206 2.84 87.5
2015 103 2,983 3.45 87.5
2016 106 2,863 3.70 87.5
MSM: Study 2009 TPHA alone 62 825 7.52 10 1 site (Kunming City) 30
MSM: Study 2010 RPR & TPHA 6 305 1.97 10 1 site (Dali prefecture) 33
MSM: Study 2014 RPR & TPHA 34 300 11.33 10 1 site (Kunming City) 32
MSM: Study 2008 RPR & TPHA 37 266 13.91 10 1 site (Kunming City) 31
2009 40 307 13.03 10
2010 36 258 13.95 10

Pre-2015 ANC routine screening data were not included in the default estimation owing to a change in the ANC screening algorithm in 2015 from Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA) and RPR with an RPR threshold of 1:8, to a positive result from a Treponema-based rapid point-of-care test followed by RPR confirmation with no threshold, and an expansion in the number of sites tested from 2011 to 2015.

A number of the studies in FSW venues were cohort studies with repeated measurements and where later rounds probably resampled the same individuals after they had been treated. For these studies only the 1st round of data were included in the Spectrum estimations.

*6.25% is the default weight for men. These data were not included in default the estimate for women, owing to the large number of other women-specific data points.

Abbreviations: RPR = Rapid Plasma Reagin test; TPHA = Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay; RPR&TPHA = dual positivity on both RPR and TPHA.