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. 2020 Mar 25;11:1560. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15311-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Graphic illustration of the experimental exercise training model. Mice were acclimatized to housing temperature before completing a 6 weeks voluntary wheel running exercise training (ET) intervention. (UT = untrained). b The effect of housing temperature and ET at 22 °C and 30 °C on body weight. Statistical testing; Two-way ANOVA (repeated measures). 22 °C UT; n = 8, 22 °C ET; n = 10, 30 °C UT; n = 9, 30 °C ET; n = 10. c–e VO₂ and RER in UT and ET mice at 22 °C and 30 °C housing. Statistical testing; Two-way ANOVA (repeated measures). 22 °C UT; n = 5, 22 °C ET; n = 6, 30 °C UT; n = 8, 30 °C ET; n = 6. Effect of time within group; ^$$$p < 0.001. Effect of temperature within time of day; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001. Effect of ET within temperature; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. f Habitual activity (2 consecutive days) in UT mice after 6 weeks temperature acclimatization. Statistical testing; Two-way ANOVA (repeated measures). 22 °C UT; n = 5, 30 °C UT; n = 8. Effect of time within group; ^$$$p < 0.001. Effect of temperature within time of day; ^#p < 0.05. g Running distance per day at 22 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Statistical testing; Two-way ANOVA (repeated measures). n = 10. Effect of temperature; ^###p < 0.001. h–k Effect of temperature on wheel running distance, maximum and average speed. Statistical testing; student’s t-test. 22 °C ET; n = 6, 30 °C ET; n = 6. Effect of temperature; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01. l Core temperature was measured at day (light period) and night (dark period) time via rectal thermometer. Statistical testing; Two-way ANOVA (repeated measures). n = 8 Effect of time, day vs. night; ^$p < 0.05, ^$$p < 0.01. Effect of temperature within day; ^#p < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM incl. individual values where applicable. The “n = x” defines the number of biologically independent animals used for the analyses.