Table 1.
Anode materials, synthetic methods and electrochemical performance of a Sn-based anode.
| Anode materials | Synthetic method | ICE (%) | Cyclability (mAh/g) | Rate performance (mAh/g) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graphene/Sn@carbonaceous foam | Hydrothermal method and thermal reduction | About 60 | 777 (100 cycles at 100 mA/g) | 506 (500 cycles at 400 mA/g) 270 (500 cycles at 3200 mA/g) | Luo B. et al., 2016 |
| Sn@N-doped carbon | In situ polymerization and carbon thermal reduction | 78.5 | 788 (300 cycles at 100 mA/g) | 522 (1,000 cycles at 500 mA/g) | Chang et al., 2017 |
| CoSn2/a-TiC/C | Ball milling | 83.5 | 479 (180 cycles at 100 mA/g) | 380 (500 mA/g) | Park et al., 2018 |
| Core/shell Cu6Sn5@SnO2-C | Ball milling and heat treatment | 65 | 619 (500 cycles at 200 mA/g) | 390 (2 A/g) | Hu et al., 2015 |
| Sn@hollow carbon cube | Combination of in situ chemical synthesis in aqueous solution, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and acid etching | About 55 | 624 (200 cycles at 600 mA/g) | 537 (1,000 cycles at 3 A/g) | Huang et al., 2015 |
| C/Sn/C hollow spheres | In situ chemical synthesis in organic solution | 62 | 1,100 (130 cycles at 100 mA/g) | 430 (at 5 A/g) | Sun et al., 2019 |
| Si@Sn-MoF | In situ chemical synthesis in organic solution | 60.6 | 1,360 (250 cycles at 200 mA/g) | 618 (800 cycles at 2 A/g) | Zhou et al., 2019 |
| Sn@3D graphene networks | Freeze drying and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) | 69 | 1,089 (100 at 200 mA/g) | 459 (at 5 A/g) 270 (at 10 A/g) | Qin et al., 2014 |
| Ni3Sn2 microcages | Solvothermal reduction and crystallization | 58.9 | 696 (400 cycles at 0.2 C) 530 (1,000 cycles at 1 C) | 404 (at 10 C) 404 (at 10 C) | Liu J. et al., 2014 |
| SnSb@N-doped carbon fiber | Electrospinning | 72.2 | 892.6 (100 cycles at 100 mA/g) | 487 (at 2 A/g) | Yuan et al., 2018 |
ICE, Initial coulombic efficiency.