TABLE 1.
Interventions to increase nature connection as identified in review.
| Article | Age of participants (years) | Length of intervention | Type of intervention | Type of environment | Design | Control | Number of participants | Instrument used | Effect size (Cohen’s d) |
| Barton et al., 2016 | 11–18 | 5–11 days | Wildlife expeditions | Bush/highlands | Pre–post | No | 130 | CNS | ≈0.96 |
| Boeve-de Pauw et al., 2019 | 10–11 | 2 h | Field trip (EE) | Heathland | Pre–post | No | 560 | INS | ≈0.26 |
| Braun and Dierkes, 2017 | 7–18 | 1-day, 5-day | 1-day field trip 5-day residential (EE) | Rainforest | Pre–post | Yes | 601 | INS | ≈0.21 |
| Bruni et al., 2017 | 6–16 | Varied (30 days – activity 1 to 30–45 min) | Get to know program three studies for three activities (1) The Creative Arts Contest, (2) the Natural Treasure Adventure, and (3)Virtual Hikes | Urban nature | Pre–post | No | (1) 168 (2) 35 (3) 50 | IAT nature (FlexiTwins) | ≈0.37 |
| Bruni et al., 2018 | 6–15 | Day visit | Visit to natural history museum | Museum | Pre–post | No | 238 (across two locations) | IAT nature (FlexiT wins) | ≈0.15 |
| Collado et al., 2013 | Approx. 7–15 | 1–2 weeks | Summer camps | Mountain camp | Pre–post | Yes (urban camp) | 397 (four different camps) | EAN | ≈0.89 |
| Ernst and Theimer, 2011 | 8–14 | Seven different programs all which included sustained contact with nature | EE programs | Urban nature | Pre–post | Yes | Total 385 | CNI | 0 |
| Hignett et al., 2018 | 13–16 | 12 weekly lessons | Surfing and EE program for “at risk” youth | Coast | Pre–post | No | 58 | INS | 0 |
| Kossack and Bogner, 2012 | Approx. 10–16 | 1 day | Indoor and outdoor EE program | Woodland | Pre–post and follow up | Yes | 123 (and 116 control) = 239 | INS | ≈0.42–0.71 |
| Liefländer et al., 2013 | 9–13 | 4-days | EE program on water | Woodland | Pre–post and follow up | Yes | 264 | INS | ≈0.3–0.65 |
| Mullenbach et al., 2018 | 10–11 | 4-day | Residential outdoor EE program | Urban nature | Pre–post | Yes | 163 | Adapted CNS | ≈0.11–0.25 |
| San Jose and Nelson, 2017 | 9–11 | 4-day | 4-day outdoor program | Woodland | Pre- and post and follow up | No | 177 | CNI | ≈0.53 |
| Schneider and Schaal, 2017 | Approx. 10–16 | 1-day 5-day | EE program with use of geogames/treasure hunt game | Woodland | Pre–post | No | 339 | INS (and DCN) | ≈0.2 |
| Sellmann and Bogner, 2013 | 15–19 | 1-day | EE program | Urban nature | Pre–post, and follow up | Yes | 114 | INS | ≈0.77 |