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. 2020 Mar 19;8:197. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00197

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Copyright © 2020 Begum, Perriman, Su, Scarpa and Kafienah.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TGFβ-driven Smad2/3 phosphorylation and stem cell chondrogenesis. hMSCs were cultured on (A) Tissue cultured plastic in chondrogenic media supplemented with transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and (B) composite cellulose:silk 75:25 substrates in stem cell expansion media supplemented with 10 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor 2, with and without the SB505124 inhibitor. Cells were cultured for 14 days after which gene analysis was performed. Gene expression levels were normalized to expression levels of housekeeping gene, GAPDH (shown in dotted line). Data points show mean ± SE. Statistical significance was assessed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001, n = 4.