Table 2.
Carbohydrate epitopes used by bacteria and viruses for recognition and entry
| Pathogen | Binding epitope | Refs |
|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||
| Escherichia coli type 1 pili | Manα(1-3)Manα(1-6)Man | 109 |
| Helicobacter pylori | Neu5Acα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)Glc | 109 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-IL and PA-IIL) | α-Galactoside and Lewisx | 109 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoea | Galβ(1-4)GlcNAc | 109 |
| E. coli K99 | Neu5Gcα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)Glc | 109 |
| E. coli CFA1 | Neu5Acα(2-8)Neu5Ac | 109 |
| Klebsiella pneumonite | Man | 109 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Fucα(1-2)Galβ(1-4)GlcNAc | 109 |
| E. coli K1 | GlcNAcβ(1-4)GlcNAc | 109 |
| E. coli P | Galα(1-4)Gal | 109 |
| E. coli S | Neu5Acα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)GalNAc | 109 |
| Haemophylus influenzae | Neu5Acα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)GlcNAc | 109 |
| Neisseria meningitidis | Neu5Acα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)GlcNAc | 109 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | Man | 109 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Neu5Acα(2-3)Gal | 109 |
| Streptococcus suis | Galα(1-4)Galα(1-4)Glc | 109 |
| Viruses | ||
| Influenza A | α(2-3)- or α(2-6)-linked sialic acid | 186 |
| Human parainfluenza virus type 1 | α(2-3)SLN and sialyl Lewisx | 187 |
| Norwalk virus | H and Leb blood types | 188 |
| Rotavirus | Sialylated glycans | 189 |
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 | 3-O-sulphated heparin sulphate | 190 |
| Calcivirus | Blood group antigens | 191 |
| Corona virus | Sialylated glycans | 192 |
| Murid herpes virus | Glycosaminoglycans | 193 |
| Coxsackivirus A24 | Sialylated glycans | 194 |
| Papilloma virus L1 | Heparan sulphate | 195 |
| Polyomaviruses (JCV and BKV) | α(2-3)- or α(2-6)-linked sialic acid | 196 |
| Simian virus SV40 | GM1 ganglioside | 197 |
| Newcastle disease virus | Sialylated glycans | 198 |
| BKV, B. K. virus; JCV, John Cunningham virus; Leb, Lewisb antigen; PA-IIL, fucose-binding lectin PA-IIL; PA-IL, PA-I galactophilic lectin; SLN, sialyl lactoseamine. | ||