Select lid mutants alter proteasome subparticle localization. Lid mutants were grown in minimal medium to log phase and imaged by fluorescence microscopy; three replicates of at least 100 cells were counted. Two-way ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance of differences in localization (****P<0.0001; ns, not significant). Scale bar: 5 μm. Yeast strains used: MHY6956, MHY6954, MHY6377, MHY9583, MHY6938, MHY9581 and MHY9172. Pre1-mCherry (quantified here) and Rpn2-mCherry images are shown in Fig. S4.