Table 2. Factors involved in the bacterium–autophagy interplay.

PowerPoint slide

Bacterium	Bacterial factors	Host factors	Refs
Inhibiting autophagy initiation signalling
S. Typhimurium	Unknown	mTOR, RAG GTPases and Ragulator	5
Mycobacterium tuberculosis str. H37Rv	Eis	JNK and ROS	95,96
Bacillus anthracis	Oedema factor toxin	cAMP	4
Vibrio cholerae	Cholera toxin	cAMP	4
Directly interfering with the activity of autophagy components
Legionella pneumophila	T4SS effector RavZ and other unknown factors	LC3–PE	10
Shigella flexneri	VirA	RAB1	9
Evading autophagy recognition by masking the bacterial surface
S. flexneri	IcsB	ATG5 and septins	6,54,108
Listeria monocytogenes	ActA and InlK	MVP and host factors that bind ActA	7,8,111,113,158
Escaping autophagy by yet unclear mechanisms
Burkholderia pseudomallei	T3SS3 effector BopA and translocator BipD, T3SS1 ATPase encoded by bpscN	Unknown	72,114
Francisella tularensis	DipA	Unknown	60,90
M. tuberculosis str. Erdman	Unknown	Coronin 1a	117
Yersinia enterocolitica	T3SS	Unknown	91
Orientia tsutsugamushi	Unknown	Unknown	92,93
Blocking autophagosome fusion with the lysosome
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli	Unknown	Unknown	11
Mycobacterium marinum	ESX-1 secretion system	Unknown	119
M. tuberculosis str. H37Rv	ESAT-6 secreted from ESX-1 system	Unknown	120
Chlamydia trachomatis	Unknown	Unknown	121,122
Helicobacter pylori	VacA	Unknown	124
Yersinia pestis	Unknown	Unknown	123
Hijacking autophagy for bacterial replication
Staphylococcus aureus	Hla secreted by the Agr system	cAMP, EPAC, RAP2B and calcium	13,139,140
Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Anaplasma translocated substrate 1 secreted by T4SS	LC3, BECN1 and ATG14L	12,126
Coxiella burnetii	Unknown	LC3, BECN1, RAB24 and BCL-2	127,128,129,130
Brucella abortus	Unknown	ULK1, BECN1, ATG14L and PtdIns3KC3	131
L. pneumophila	T4SS	Cholesterol	134
M. tuberculosis str. Erdman	Unknown	Unknown	133
Brucella melitensis	Unknown	Unknown	135
C. trachomatis	Unknown	LC3-I	156
Porphyromonas gingivalis	Unknown	Unknown	136
Uropathogenic E. coli	Unknown	ATG16L1	137
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	Bacterial protein synthesis	Unknown	138
Serratia marcescens	Unknown	Unknown	132

Agr, accessory gene regulator; ATG, autophagy-related; ATG14L, ATG14-like; ATG16L1, ATG16-like 1; BCL-2, B cell lymphoma 2; BECN1, beclin 1; cAMP, cyclic AMP; Eis, enhanced intracellular survival; EPAC, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1; ESAT-6, early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa; Hla, α-haemolysin; JNK, JUN N-terminal kinase; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; LC3-I, non-lipidated LC3; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MVP, major vault protein; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PtdIns3KC3, PtdIns 3-kinase class III; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S. Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium; T3SS, type III secretion system; T4SS, type IV secretion system; ULK1, Unc-51-like kinase 1.