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. 2003;2(11):891–902. doi: 10.1038/nrd1227

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© Nature Publishing Group 2003

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Also shown are the principal angiotensin (Ang) and bradykinin (BK) receptors and their downstream effects. The broken arrow from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to B₂ BK receptor denotes evidence for crosstalk between the membrane-bound proteins. The conversion of Ang II to Ang_1–7 can be mediated by ACE2; see text and Refs 3,37. Ap, aminopeptidase; NEP, neutral endopeptidase.