Table 1.
RNA virus families with described DVGs
| Virus | Type of DVG | Known DVG functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| psRNA viruses | |||
| Arteriviridae | |||
| Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus | Deletion | UN | 134 |
| Equine arteritis virus | Deletion | Interference | 40 |
| Closteroviridae | |||
| Citrus tristeza virus | Deletion | UN | 135,136 |
| Coronaviridae | |||
| Berne virus | Deletion | Interference | 137 |
| Bovine coronavirus | Deletion | UN | 138 |
| Infectious bronchitis virus | Deletion | UN | 139 |
| Mouse hepatitis virus | Deletion | Interference/persistence | 140,141 |
| Transmissible gastroenteritis virus | Deletion | Interference | 142 |
| Flaviviridae | |||
| Dengue virus | Deletion | Persistence | 75, 143,144 |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | Persistence | 15,145 | |
| Hepatitis C virus | Deletion | Persistence | 146,147 |
| Murray Valley encephalitis virus | Deletion | Persistence | 148 |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus | Deletion | Modulate virulence | 149 |
| West Nile virus | Deletion | Interference/persistence | 82,150 |
| Nepoviridae | |||
| Tomato black ring virus | Deletion | Interference | 151 |
| Nodaviridae | |||
| Flock House virus | Deletion | Modulate virulence | 48 |
| Picornaviridae | |||
| Encephalomyocarditis virus | Deletion | Interference | 152 |
| Foot-and-mouth disease virus | Deletion | Interference | 153 |
| Mengo virus | Deletion | Interference | 154 |
| Polio virus | Deletion | Modulate virulence | 24, 35, 124,155 |
| Togaviridae | |||
| Rubella virus | Persistence | 156 | |
| Semliki Forest virus | Deletion | Interference/modulate virulence | 4, 93, 106, 157,158 |
| Sindbis virus | Deletion | Interference/IFN-induction | 6, 63,159 |
| Tombusviridae | |||
| Cucumber necrosis virus | Deletion | Modulate virulence | 160 |
| Tomato bushy stunt virus | Deletion | Interference/modulate virulence | 39 |
| Turnip crinkle virus | Deletion | Interference/modulate virulence | 161 |
| nsRNA viruses | |||
| Arenaviridae | |||
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus | Deletion | Interference/modulate virulence/persistence | 18, 162,163 |
| Filoviridae | |||
| Ebola virus | Deletion /copy-back | Persistence | 74 |
| Orthomyxoviridae | |||
| Influenza virus | Deletion | Interference/IFN-induction/persistence/modulate virulence | 2, 5, 10, 37, 51, 62, 97,164–170 |
| Paramyxoviridae | |||
| Human parainfluenza virus 3 | Deletion /copy-back | Interference | 112,171 |
| Parainfluenza virus 5 | Deletion/copy-back | IFN-induction | 57 |
| Measles virus | Deletion/copy-back | Interference/IFN-induction/persistence/modulate virulence | 76, 90, 96, 100, 123, 172,173 |
| Mumps virus | Persistence/modulate virulence | 9, 115,174 | |
| Sendai virus | Deletion/copy-back | Interference/IFN-induction/immune stimulation/persistence/modulate virulence | 7, 14, 23, 45, 54,87–89,92, 104, 175,176 |
| Peribunyaviridae | |||
| Bunyamwera virus | Deletion | Interference | 177 |
| Phenuiviridae | |||
| Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) | Deletion | Interference/modulate virulence | 19 |
| Toscana virus | Deletion | Interference | 178 |
| Pneumoviridae | |||
| Human metapneumovirus | Copy-back | IFN-induction | 52 |
| Human respiratory syncytial virus | Deletion/copy-back | Interference/IFN-induction/persistence | 55, 78,179 |
| Rhabdoviridae | |||
| Vesicular stomatitis virus | Deletion/copy-back | Interference/IFN-induction/persistence/modulate virulence | 3, 8, 16, 21, 38, 42, 46, 80, 109,180–185 |
| Rabies virus | Deletion | Interference/persistence | 11,79 |
| Tospoviridae | |||
| Tomato spotted wilt virus | Deletion | Modulate virulence | 186 |
| dsRNA viruses | |||
| Birnaviridae | |||
| Infectious necrotic pancreatic virus | UN | Persistence | 12 |
| Partitiviridae | |||
| Rosellinia necatrix virus | Deletion | Interference | 187 |
| Reoviridae | |||
| Type 3 reovirus | Deletion | Interference | 188 |
| Wound tumor virus | Deletion | UN | 189 |
| Retroviruses | |||
| Retroviridae | |||
| Human immunodeficiency virus 1 | Deletion/ hypermutation/frame shift | Persistence | 34, 190,191 |
UN, unknown.