Table. Demographics, Clinical Data, and Task Performance.
| Demographic | HC | CHR-N | CHR-P | FEP | Group effecta | Pairwise comparisons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 49 | 38 | 119 | 26 | NA | NA |
| Age, (SD), y | 23 (3.6) | 23 (4.7) | 22 (4.4) | 24 (4.2) | NA | NA |
| Male/female sex, No. (% male) | 16/33 (32.7) | 11/27 (28.9) | 32/87 (26.9) | 16/10 (61.5) | χ23 = 11.9; P = .008 | FEP to HC: P = .016 ; FEP to CHR-N: P = .001; FEP to CHR-P: P = .01 |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 17 (3.0) | 16 (3.5) | 15 (3.1) | 15 (3.0) | F3,76 = 3.5; P = .02 | CHR-P to HC: P = .03 |
| BACS,b mean (SD) | ||||||
| Verbal memory | 52 (8.7) | 0.01 (1.1) | −0.36 (1.3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Digit sequencing | 21 (2.1) | 0.14 (1.2) | −0.15 (1.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| Token motor | 81 (11.6) | −0.66 (1.1) | −0.98 (1.3) | - | F2,93 = 13.8; P < .001 | CHR-N to HC: P = .01; CHR-P - HC: P < .001 |
| Verbal fluency | 59 (13.9) | −0.22 (1.0) | 0.05 (1.3) | NA | NA | NA |
| Symbol coding | 74 (11.8) | 0.00 (1.3) | −0.58 (1.1) | NA | F2,84 = 6.8; P = .002 | CHR-P - HC: P = .004; CHR-P – CHR-N: P = .04 |
| Tower of London | 19 (1.7) | 0.15 (1.3) | −0.21 (1.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| Composite score | 304 (24.2) | −0.15 (1.2) | −0.63 (1.4) | NA | F2,93 = 5.8; P = .004 | CHR-P - HC: P = .004 |
| CAARMS, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Unusual thought content | NA | 1 (1.2) | 2 (1.9) | NA | NA | NA |
| Nonbizarre ideas | NA | 1 (1.1) | 3 (1.8) | NA | NA | NA |
| Perceptual abnormalities | NA | 1 (1.3) | 3 (1.6) | NA | NA | NA |
| Disorganized speech | NA | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Total severity score | NA | 6 (6.1) | 29 (17.8) | NA | NA | NA |
| GAF, mean (SD) | 88 (6.4) | 70 (12.8) | 57 (13.4) | 41 (16.9) | F3,75 = 167; P < .001 | All contrasts P < .001 |
| GF-role, mean (SD) | 8.6 (0.8) | 8.1 (0.8) | 7.4 (1.2) | NA | F2,99 = 29.6; P < .001 | CHR-N - HC: P = .037; CHR-P to HC: P < .001; CHR-P to CHR-N: P < .001 |
| GF-social, mean (SD) | 8.8 (0.4) | 8.2 (0.8) | 7.5 (1.2) | NA | F2,94 = 59.5, P < .001 | CHR-N - HC: P < .001; CHR-P to HC: P < .001; CHR-P to CHR-N: P < .001 |
| PANSS, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Positive | NA | NA | NA | 18 (7.2) | NA | NA |
| Negative | NA | NA | NA | 15 (9.3) | NA | NA |
| Cognitive | NA | NA | NA | 20 (9.2) | NA | NA |
| Excitement | NA | NA | NA | 9 (4.3) | NA | NA |
| Depression | NA | NA | NA | 12 (5.9) | NA | NA |
| Total score | NA | NA | NA | 74 (28.4) | NA | NA |
| Medication, No. (%)c | ||||||
| None | 48 | 27 | 61 | 6 | NA | NA |
| Antidepressants | 0 | 11 | 47 | 13 | NA | NA |
| Mood stabilizers | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Antipsychotics | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | NA | NA |
| Other (unknown) | 1 (0) | 2 (0) | 21 (0) | 5 (0) | NA | NA |
| CHR-P categories | ||||||
| SPI-A (COGDIS/COPER/both items) | NA | NA | 30 (4/15/11) | NA | NA | NA |
| CAARMS (APS/vulnerability criteria) | NA | NA | 89 (87/2) | NA | NA | NA |
| CAARMS plus SPI-A (COGDIS/COPER/both items) | NA | NA | 55 (9/22/24) | NA | NA | NA |
| MINI categories | ||||||
| Depressive/mood disorders | NA | 11 | 75 | NA | NA | NA |
| Anxiety disorders/posttraumatic stress disorder/obsessive-compulsive disorder | NA | 16 | 87 | NA | NA | NA |
| Drug/alcohol abuse/dependence | NA | 10 | 42 | NA | NA | NA |
| Eating disorders | NA | 1 | 10 | NA | NA | NA |
| DSM-IV/Structured Clinical Interview | ||||||
| Schizophrenia | NA | NA | NA | 9 | NA | NA |
| Schizophreniform disorder | NA | NA | NA | 3 | NA | NA |
| Schizoaffective disorder | NA | NA | NA | 1 | NA | NA |
| Psychotic disorder NOS | NA | NA | NA | 8 | NA | NA |
| Brief psychotic disorder | NA | NA | NA | 1 | NA | NA |
| Mood disorders with psychotic features | NA | NA | NA | 4 | NA | NA |
| Trial No., total included (SD) | 197 (16.3) | 194 (16.2) | 185 (26.5) | 181 (29.2) | F3,80 = 5.9; P = .001 | CHR-P to HC: P = .002 |
| Task performance | ||||||
| Accuracy, % correct (SD) | 92.2 (6.9) | 92.0 (5.6) | 88.0 (9.8) | 85.9 (12.8) | F3,79 = 5.5, P = .002 | CHR-P to HC: P = .01; CHR-P vs CHR-N: P = .01 |
| Reaction time, mean (SD), ms | 528 (68.4) | 524 (80.1) | 545 (84.9) | 577 (100.1) | NA | NA |
| Response variance,d mean (SD), ms | 151.7 (37.5) | 154.3 (34.9) | 164.3 (42.2) | 179.1 (40.8) | F3,79 = 3.3; P = .02 | FEP to HC: P = .03 |
Abbreviations: APS, attenuated psychotic symptoms; BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; CAARMS, Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States; CHR-N, clinical high risk negative; CHR-P, clinical high risk positive; COGDIS/COPER, Cognitive Disturbances and Cognitive-Perceptive Basic Symptoms criteria; FEP, first-episode psychosis; GAF, global assessment of functioning; GF, global functioning; HC, healthy control individual; MINI, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PANSS, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale; SPI-A, Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Adult version.
All F tests are Welch based; α = .05, 2-sided, 1000 samples bootstrapping, post hoc Games-Howell correction for type I errors.
BACS scores for clinical groups were standardized to control group data, controlled for sex category.
If multiple medications were reported, they were scored separately in the different categories listed.
Response variance equals standard deviation of response times across trials.