Main mutation pathways and functions in HCC development. MAPK/RAS pathway(marked with yellow), TERT mutation(marked with blue), p53 signaling pathway(marked with green), Wnt-β catenin pathway(marked with gray), and SWI/SNF complex related pathway(marked with light red) are the common centralized signaling pathways. They affect tumorigenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, involving several common oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Corresponding functions include proliferation, immortalization, genomic stability, cell differentiation and survival. The mutation genes detected in ctDNA show significant roles in pathways (Red box).