Table 3.
A summary of the role of inflammatory cells in development of periodontitis and secreted factors.
| Inflammatory cell type (no. of reference) | Role in periodontitis | Secreted factors |
|---|---|---|
| M1 Macrophages (98,119) | Promotion of host immune defense, digestion of microorganisms, initiation of inflammatory responses | TNF-α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, CXCL9 and CXCL10 |
| M1 Macrophages (100) | Alveolar bone resorption, osteoclastogenesis and collagen degradation | IL-1β, IL-23, IL-6, TNF-α and MMPs |
| M2 Macrophages (98,99) | Local tissue repair and wound healing | IL‐4 and IL‐10 |
| M2 Macrophages (101) | Promote tumor development | IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-β |
| TAMs (97) | Tumor migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis | IL-4, MIP-1β, CCL18, MMP-9 and VEGF |
| Mast cells (103) | Enhancement of periodontitis | TLR4 |
| Neutrophil (106) | Improvement of host response to inflammation | LFA-1 |
| Neutrophil (109,110) | Enhancement of periodontal tissue breakdown | Lytic and proteolytic enzymes and MMP-8 |
| T helper cells (112) | Activation of other immune cells such as neutrophils and B cells | IL-1, IL-17E and IL-17 |
| B cells (113) | Promoting inflammatory responses and tumor microenvironment | Antibodies against pathogens |
| Both T cells and B cells (112) | Alveolar bone resorption | RANKL |
| Tregs CD4+ T lymphocytes (116) | Suppresion the immune responses and promotion of pathogen survival | CTLA-4), GITR, CD103, CD45RO and Foxp3 |