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. 2019 Nov 1;5:19. doi: 10.1186/s42234-019-0034-y

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Open and closed-loop responses during neuromuscular stimulation. a Force produced for various stimulation amplitudes and linear fit (blue). b and c Example open-loop responses to neuromuscular electrical stimulation. d Representative closed-loop response to a desired force step input; between 8 and 10s the controller automatically increases the current delivered to the target muscle to compensate for muscle fatigue