Table 2.
Changes in perioperative PD-1(+) expression on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells and other inflammation and immune markers, after receiving flurbiprofen or placebo, at 24 and 72 h from the baseline values before induction of anesthesia
| Variable | Control group (n = 32) | Flurbiprofen group (n = 32) | Difference (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24-h postoperative data compared with baseline | ||||
| PD-1(+) on CD4(+) T cells | 1.76 (0.58) | 1.46 (1.11) | 0.30 (−0.65 to 1.25) | 0.509 |
| PD-1(+) on CD8(+) T cells | 12.91 (1.65) | 7.86 (5.71) | 5.05 (0.55 to 9.55) | 0.031 |
| CD3(+) T-cells | −21.25 (6.71) | −9.75 (3.37) | −11.50 (−17.20 to −5.80) | 0.001 |
| CD4(+) T-cells | −7.75 (2.44) | −4.25 (1.49) | −3.50 (−5.66 to −1.34) | 0.004 |
| CD8(+) T-cells | −3.63 (2.00) | −1.25 (1.83) | −2.38 (−4.43 to −0.32) | 0.026 |
| CD4:CD8 ratio | −0.70 (0.31) | −0.35 (0.12) | −0.35 (−0.62 to −0.08) | 0.016 |
| NK cells | −3.54 (1.31) | −1.49 (0.66) | −2.05 (−3.17 to −0.93) | 0.001 |
| Platelet count, 109/L | 16.00 (−22.50 to 20.25) | 2.00 (−24.50 to 24.75) | NA | 0.645 |
| Total WBC count, 109/L | 6.80 (4.58 to 9.08) | 5.90 (4.43 to 7.58) | NA | 0.161 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | −11.38 (2.26) | −7.25 (6.27) | −4.13 (−9.18 to 0.93) | 0.102 |
| Neutrophil count, 109/L | 5.85 (5.55 to 11.23) | 10.00 (7.10 to 12.0) | NA | 0.105 |
| Lymphocyte count, 109/L | −0.80 (0.17) | −0.85 (0.16) | 0.05 (−0.13 to 0.23) | 0.554 |
| Monocyte count, 109/L | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.01 (−0.12 to 0.13) | 0.933 |
| Eosinophil count, 109/L | 0.084 (0.145) | 0.021 (0.075) | 0.063 (−0.065 to 0.190) | 0.302 |
| Basophil count, 109/L | −0.016 (0.009) | −0.015 (0.009) | −0.001 (−0.011 to 0.009) | 0.790 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 817.13 (131.75) | 552.13 (146.24) | 265.0 (115.74 to 414.26) | 0.002 |
| IFN-γ, pg/mL | 25.83 (3.30) | 18.96 (4.87) | 6.86 (2.40 to 11.33) | 0.005 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 105.25 (10.08) | 68.00 (12.74) | 37.25 (24.93 to 49.57) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/mL | 40.34 (11.59) | 13.65 (1.92) | 26.69 (16.97 to 36.41) | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 3.29 (1.05) | 2.26 (1.40) | 1.03 (−0.30 to 2.35) | 0.119 |
| 72-h postoperative data compared with baseline | ||||
| PD-1(+) on CD4(+) T-cells | 1.15 (1.42) | 1.79 (1.96) | −0.64 (−2.47 to 1.20) | 0.469 |
| PD-1(+) on CD8(+) T-cells | 11.54 (1.54) | 8.75 (1.73) | 2.79 (1.04 to 4.55) | 0.004 |
| CD3(+) T-cells | −20.88 (6.45) | −11.63 (4.03) | −9.25 (−15.02 to −3.48) | 0.004 |
| CD4(+) T-cells | −14.13 (5.22) | −7.88 (1.55) | −6.25 (−10.67 to −1.83) | 0.011 |
| CD8(+) T-cells | −2.00 (1.69) | −1.38 (1.30) | −0.63 (−2.24 to 0.99) | 0.421 |
| CD4:CD8 ratio | −0.55 (−0.98 to −0.20) | −0.10 (−0.18 to −0.03) | NA | 0.005 |
| NK cells | −3.83 (1.23) | −2.40 (0.67) | −1.43 (−2.49 to −0.36) | 0.012 |
| Platelet count, 109/L | 18.50 (−19.00 to 23.25) | −5.00 (−33.50 to 23.25) | NA | 0.442 |
| Total WBC count, 109/L | 3.75 (2.45 to 4.58) | 2.25 (0.83 to 3.95) | NA | 0.105 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | −6.13 (3.04) | −6.63 (7.35) | 0.50 (−5.53 to 6.53) | 0.863 |
| Neutrophil count, 109/L | 2.05 (0.85 to 3.18) | 2.65 (0.73 to 4.98) | NA | 0.878 |
| Lymphocyte count, 109/L | −0.69 (0.22) | −0.68 (0.26) | −0.01 (−0.27 to 0.25) | 0.919 |
| Monocyte count, 109/L | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.06 (-0.06 to 0.17) | 0.338 |
| Eosinophil count, 109/L | 0.016 (0.034) | −0.006 (0.012) | 0.023 (−0.006 to 0.051) | 0.110 |
| Basophil count, 109/L | −0.009 (0.015) | −0.005 (0.017) | −0.004 (-0.021 to 0.013) | 0.642 |
| TNF-α, pg/mL | 748.00 (133.71) | 422.88 (95.49) | 325.13 (200.53 to 449.72) | 0.000 |
| IFN-γ, pg/mL | 23.09 (3.08) | 17.50 (3.46) | 5.59 (2.07 to 9.10) | 0.004 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 87.25 (11.99) | 59.50 (9.68) | 27.75 (16.07 to 39.43) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/mL | 44.90 (9.94) | 21.46 (7.26) | 23.44 (14.10 to 32.77) | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 1.88 (1.26) | 0.59 (1.29) | 1.29 (−0.08 to 2.65) | 0.062 |
Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (IQR) and compared using an independent Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test, respectively.
PD-1, programmed death 1; NK, natural killer; WBC, white blood cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-6, interleukin-6; CRP, C-reactive protein; NA, not applicable; IQR, interquartile range.