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. 2020 Mar 5;40(4):874–884. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314084

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© 2020 The Authors.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 2. — Formation and metabolism of reactive sulfur species. Transsulfuration enzymes CBS (cystathionine beta-synthase) and CSE (cystathionine gamma-lyase) use substrates homocysteine, cystathionine, or cysteine to generate hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). H₂S may subsequently react with reactive oxygen species (eg, superoxide) resulting in sulfide radical formation leading to persulfide formation. Rate constants (M⁻¹ s⁻¹) are shown for each reaction indicating that H₂S reacts more quickly with superoxide vs hydrogen peroxide. CARS (cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase) enzyme activity also contributes to cysteine persulfide formation that may be translationally incorporated into nascent polypeptide formation. PP indicates pyrophosphate; and tRNA, transfer RNA.