Table 2.
Pooled relative risks for risk factors and causes of ill health
| Studies (n)* | Individuals (n) |
1 ACE |
≥2 ACEs |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled relative risk | Heterogeneity, I2 | Pooled relative risk | Heterogeneity, I2 | ||||
| Risk factors | |||||||
| Harmful alcohol use | |||||||
| Europe | 4 | 20 427 | 1·51 (1·22–1·87) | 75·4% (0–89·1) | 2·11 (1·13–3·95) | 98·0% (97·1–98·5) | |
| North America | 5 | 85 745 | 1·44 (1·20–1·74) | 80·1% (37·6–89·8) | 1·81 (1·22–2·68) | 96·7% (95·2–97·6) | |
| Illicit drug use | |||||||
| Europe | 4 | 21 365 | 1·69 (1·48–1·93) | 45·7% (0–80·7) | 2·89 (2·68–3·12) | 0% (0–67·9) | |
| North America | 1 | 17 337 | 1·53 (1·36–1·72) | NA | 2·64 (2·40–2·91) | NA | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Europe | 4 | 21 402 | 1·29 (1·21–1·38) | 1% (0–68·2) | 1·82 (1·71–1·95) | 25·9% (0–75·5) | |
| North America | 7 | 113 339 | 1·23 (1·04–1·46) | 93·1% (88·9–95·2) | 1·74 (1·47–2·05) | 95·1% (92·8–96·4) | |
| Obesity | |||||||
| Europe | 2 | 6437 | 1·06 (0·99–1·15) | 0%† | 1·24 (0·85–1·79) | 41·2%† | |
| North America | 5 | 78 004 | 1·08 (1·00–1·17) | 69·9% (0–86·2) | 1·23 (1·06–1·43) | 93·8% (89·1–95·9) | |
| Causes of ill health | |||||||
| Anxiety | |||||||
| Europe | 1 | 2493 | 1·44 (1·17–1·77) | NA | 2·56 (2·19–2·98) | NA | |
| North America | 3 | 30 859 | 1·08 (0·66–1·77) | 94% (85·6–96·6) | 2·25 (1·43–3·56) | 96·1% (92·5–97·6) | |
| Depression | |||||||
| Europe | 3 | 1 459 284 | 1·54 (1·51–1·57) | 0% (0–72·9) | 2·34 (2·19–2·50) | 82·5% (0–92·5) | |
| North America | 7 | 91 112 | 1·34 (1·15–1·56) | 88·6% (78·5–92·8) | 2·69 (2·17–3·33) | 96·8% (95·6–97·5) | |
| Cancer | |||||||
| Europe | 4 | 21 593 | 1·08 (0·89–1·30) | 39·6% (0–79·1) | 1·58 (1·32–1·91) | 25·6% (0–75·4) | |
| North America | 2 | 14 372 | 1·10 (0·95–1·28) | 0%† | 1·25 (1·10–1·43) | 0%† | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||||
| Europe | 3 | 15 742 | 1·11 (0·99–1·24) | 0% (0–72·9) | 1·57 (1·20–2·06) | 59·9% (0–86·7) | |
| North America | 6 | 83 932 | 1·16 (1·04–1·29) | 55·2% (0–80) | 1·60 (1·41–1·81) | 75·7% (26·9–87·4) | |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| Europe | 3 | 15 733 | 1·02 (0·88–1·19) | 0% (0–72·9) | 1·43 (1·11–1·83) | 58·7% (0–86·4) | |
| North America | 6 | 74 662 | 1·11 (1·02–1·22) | 39·3% (0–74·7) | 1·15 (0·97–1·37) | 85·3% (66·5–91·5) | |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||
| Europe | 5 | 38 075 | 1·19 (1·04–1·35) | 14·7% (0–69·1) | 1·98 (1·42–2·76) | 83·3% (53·1–91·1) | |
| North America | 5 | 67 417 | 1·29 (1·17–1·41) | 0% (0–64·1) | 1·90 (1·58–2·29) | 77% (19·4–88·6) | |
Data in parentheses are 95% CIs. ACE=Adverse childhood experience. NA=not applicable.
*
Included studies are shown in the appendix (p 9).
†
CIs not calculable.