Table 3.
Population-attributable fractions and DALYs and costs attributable to ACEs for risk factors and causes of ill health
|
Population-attributable fractions (%) |
Total DALYs for risk factor (thousands)* |
DALYs attributable to ACEs (thousands)* |
Total estimated cost of conditions (billion US$)† |
Total attributable costs by ACE count (billion US$)† |
Total attributable costs of ACEs (% of GDP) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 ACE | ≥2 ACEs | All ACEs | 1 ACE | ≥2 ACEs | All ACEs | 1 ACE | ≥2 ACEs | All ACEs | |||||
| Risk factors | |||||||||||||
| Harmful alcohol use | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 9·1% | 15·6% | 24·7% | 24 478 | 2217 | 3825 | 6042 | 577 | 52 | 90 | 143 | 0·65% | |
| North America | 7·5% | 20·4% | 27·9% | 4474 | 335 | 915 | 1250 | 260 | 19 | 53 | 73 | 0·34% | |
| Illicit drug use | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 10·7% | 23·4% | 34·1% | 5702 | 610 | 1333 | 1944 | 135 | 14 | 31 | 46 | 0·21% | |
| North America‡ | 7·3% | 33·8% | 41·1% | 7059 | 514 | 2385 | 2899 | 410 | 30 | 138 | 168 | 0·80% | |
| Smoking | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 5·6% | 12·6% | 18·2% | 38 541 | 2142 | 4873 | 7015 | 909 | 51 | 115 | 165 | 0·76% | |
| North America | 4·1% | 19·6% | 23·7% | 11 595 | 479 | 2274 | 2753 | 673 | 28 | 132 | 160 | 0·76% | |
| Obesity | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 1·4% | 4·2% | 5·6% | 30 072 | 430 | 1251 | 1681 | 709 | 10 | 30 | 40 | 0·18% | |
| North America | 1·7% | 7·3% | 9·0% | 12 542 | 207 | 917 | 1124 | 728 | 12 | 53 | 65 | 0·31% | |
| Causes of ill health | |||||||||||||
| Anxiety | |||||||||||||
| Europe‡ | 7·4% | 20·9% | 28·3% | 3410 | 252 | 714 | 966 | 80 | 6 | 17 | 23 | 0·10% | |
| North America | 1·2% | 30·1% | 31·3% | 1986 | 25 | 597 | 622 | 115 | 1 | 35 | 36 | 0·17% | |
| Depression | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 9·2% | 18·3% | 27·5% | 4417 | 406 | 807 | 1213 | 104 | 10 | 19 | 29 | 0·13% | |
| North America | 4·8% | 35·3% | 40·1% | 1990 | 95 | 703 | 798 | 116 | 6 | 41 | 46 | 0·22% | |
| Cancer | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 1·6% | 9·7% | 11·3% | 43 828 | 716 | 4258 | 4974 | 1034 | 17 | 100 | 117 | 0·54% | |
| North America‡ | 2·2% | 7·9% | 10·1% | 16 277 | 351 | 1290 | 1641 | 945 | 20 | 75 | 95 | 0·45% | |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 2·2% | 9·5% | 11·7% | 67 115 | 1492 | 6357 | 7848 | 1583 | 35 | 150 | 185 | 0·85% | |
| North America | 2·9% | 16·8% | 19·7% | 16 849 | 496 | 2825 | 3321 | 978 | 29 | 164 | 193 | 0·92% | |
| Diabetes | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 0·5% | 7·4% | 7·9% | 8602 | 41 | 636 | 677 | 203 | 1 | 15 | 16 | 0·07% | |
| North America | 2·5% | 5·0% | 7·5% | 4195 | 104 | 209 | 313 | 244 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 0·09% | |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 3·6% | 14·9% | 18·5% | 10 657 | 383 | 1591 | 1974 | 251 | 9 | 38 | 47 | 0·21% | |
| North America | 4·8% | 22·8% | 27·6% | 6176 | 298 | 1410 | 1707 | 359 | 17 | 82 | 99 | 0·47% | |
ACE=Adverse childhood experience. GDP=gross domestic product.
*
Rounded to the nearest thousand.
†
Rounded to the nearest billion, 2017 GDP.
‡
Based on a single study.