(A) Whole-brain analysis of enhanced blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) activity by kisspeptin administration in response to a validated pleasant feminine scent (Chanel No5). Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses with cluster correction (Z 2.3, P < 0.05, and n = 33). (B) Kisspeptin enhancement of mean percentage of BOLD signal change in a priori anatomically defined ROI (amygdala: t(32) = 2.743, P
= 0.01; caudate: t(32) = 2.615, P = 0.013; globus pallidus: t(32) = 2.566, P
= 0.015; hippocampus: t(32) = 2.235, P
= 0.033; insula: t(32) = 3.105, P
= 0.004; orbitofrontal cortex: t(32) = 2.405, P
= 0.022; posterior cingulate cortex: t(32) = 2.303, P
= 0.028; putamen: t(32) = 2.702, P
= 0.011; thalamus: t(32) = 2.787, P
= 0.009). (C) Kisspeptin enhancement of mean percentage of BOLD signal change in functionally defined brain masks during the olfactory task. Olfactory system: t(32) = 2.81, P
= 0.008; sexual arousal system: t(32) = 2.937, P
= 0.006; motor system: t(32) = 1.601, P
= 0.119. Gray indicates placebo; red indicates kisspeptin. Data in graphs (B and C) depict within-participant paired raw data, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, and **P < 0.01, paired 2-tailed t test.