Figure 4. Macrophage polarization assessed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. (A) Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showing CD68 (green), iNOS (red), and Arg-1 (white) localization in the same vessel. Blue represents 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining of nuclei. (B) Relative area of CD68–iNOS staining in each group. (C) Relative area of CD68–Arg-1 staining in each group. (D) Arg-1/iNOS ratio in each group. n=10 (each slide of 3 sections). Relative area measurements were determined using a Zeiss LSM 700. Scale bars represent 100 μm. Data are mean±standard error of the mean.

Arg-1 = arginase-1; Dapa = dapagliflozin; DAPI = 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase.

^*p<0.05 vs. Control group.