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. 2020 Mar 26;7:102. doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-0442-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

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Fig. 6 — Image data from an Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony at Petermann Island, Antarctic Peninsula, on 25/12/2012 at 20:00:00. The raw time-lapse image (top) and density map (bottom) for PETEc2013b_000023 show how crowding and occlusion can lead to underestimation by Pengbot. While the computer vision algorithm is correctly identifying ‘penguin pixels’, the degree of occlusion – particularly in the top left-hand corner of the image – makes counting a challenge.