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. 2020 Mar 26;10:5544. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62506-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BFT modulates microbiota composition and increases Akkermansia muciniphila. (A) Migration rate of charcoal meal in the small intestine. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) of fecal 16S rRNA sequencing data for mice treated with either saline or BFT on an HFD at 19 weeks of age (n = 4). (C) Representation of individual (left) and average (right) bacterial phyla in the fecal microbiota at 19 weeks of age (n = 4). (D) Fecal Akkermansia DNA levels normalized to eubacteria levels measured by qPCR (n = 4). (E) Relative fecal Akkermansia DNA levels normalized to eubacteria levels with or without BFT under antibiotic treatment (abx+) and withdrawal of antibiotics for 3 weeks (abx −) (n = 8). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by unpaired, 2-tailed t test.