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. 2020 Mar 26;10:5515. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62240-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alterations in mitochondrial condition during cornification. (a) Representative images of granular cells just below corneocytes in each group. The epidermal model was labelled with Hoechst 33258 (blue), CTG (green), and TMRE (red). Most mitochondria in group 1 had a punctate structure. The granular cells in group 2 had few mitochondria with a punctate and elongated structure. The mitochondrial structures in group 4 were comparable to those in the lower layer, while the granular cells in group 3 had fewer mitochondria than those in group 4. (b) Representative images at the start of observation (upper images) and four hours later (lower images). The numbers on the cells shows their group categorization. The arrowheads indicate flattened cells after four hours. (c) A graph of the proportion of cells that had flattened and cells that had not flattened after four hours. The data are representative of 483 cells (8 independent experiments). The ratios of the number of flattened and not flattened cells were 62:22 (group 1), 23:59 (group 2), 6:120 (group 3), and 0:191 (group 4). Scale bars, 10 μm (a) or 25 μm (b).