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. 2020 Mar 26;10:5546. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62468-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IRS4^PVH neurons project to hindbrain and spinal cord regions. (A) A Cre-dependent synaptophysin-mCherry adenovirus (syn-mCherry) was unilaterally injected in the PVH area of IRS4-iCre mice to trace synaptic terminals throughout the brain. (B,C) Syn-mCherry positive terminals are observed in hindbrain regions including the medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus (mPBN, lPBN, respectively, (B), as well as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS, C). (D) IRS4^PVH neurons also project to the median eminence (ME). (E) Syn-mCherry (red) identifies synaptic terminals in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord (IML) in close proximity to neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, green). scp = superior cerebellar peduncle, 4 V = fourth ventricle, 3 V = third ventricle, AP = area postrema.