Working model of PIA/eDNA-dependent cell aggregation. (A) As the abundance of key nutrients (i.e., branched-chain amino acids and GTP) drops intracellularly, CodY activity decreases, promoting cell aggregation using available eDNA and PIA. (B) Cell-to-cell interaction occurs in a CodY-dependent manner whereby eDNA and PIA interact synergistically with the cell surface, mediated by one or more lipoproteins. eDNA, blue threads; PIA, red polygons; lipoproteins, green ovals.