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. 2020 Jan 7;318(3):E392–E404. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00331.2019

Table 5.

Parameter group differences for individual fatty acid analysis

Optimally Healthy Controls (n = 8) Metabolic Syndrome (n = 7) %Difference (Adjusted) P Value
MA Parameters
    τ, min 9.6 (4.3, 21.7) 8.3 (3.3, 20.9) −13% (−71, 162) 0.80
    R0, mmol/L 0.069 (0.018, 0.260) 0.018 (0.004, 0.080) −74% (−96, 56) 0.16
    NEFA0, µmol/L 12.4 (9.3, 16.6) 12.1 (8.7, 16.8) −2% (−34, 45) 0.91
    kc, %/min 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) 5.9 (4.1, 8.4) 47% (−4, 124) 0.10
    SNEFA, µmol·L−1·min−1 1.03 (0.51, 2.10) 0.72 (0.32, 1.59) −31% (−73, 82) 0.47
    KNEFA, %/min 7.5 (3.6, 15.5) 4.5 (2.0, 10.3) −39% (−77, 63) 0.34
    gs, mmol/L 6.1 (4.9, 7.7) 8.6 (6.7, 11.1) 40% (3, 91) 0.05
    Φ, mmol/L 0.09 (0.02, 0.40) 0.24 (0.05, 1.30) 172% (−64, 1958) 0.35
    %Suppression 69.2 (60.5, 77.9) 43.6 (33.8, 53.4) −37% (−54, −20) 0.0013
PA parameters
    τ, min 12.4 (4.8, 32.2) 8.6 (2.9, 25.1) −31% (−81, 152) 0.58
    R0, mmol/L 0.069 (0.018, 0.260) 0.018 (0.004, 0.080) −74% (−96, 56) 0.16
    NEFA0, µmol/L 98.0 (73.3, 131.0) 130.0 (93.8, 180.3) 33% (−11, 97) 0.18
    kc, %/min 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) 5.9 (4.1, 8.4) 47% (−4, 124) 0.10
    SNEFA, µmol·L−1·min−1 14.4 (8.5, 24.3) 11.8 (6.6, 21.3) −18% (−60, 67) 0.59
    KNEFA, %/min 11.9 (7.0, 20.3) 6.0 (2.7, 3.3) −49.5% (−76, 4) 0.09
    gs, mmol/L 5.7 (4.1, 7.9) 8.8 (6.1, 12.8) 56% (0, 144) 0.07
    Φ, mmol/L 0.05 (0.01, 0.21) 0.09 (0.02, 0.42) 62% (−76, 993) 0.63
    %Suppression 85.2 (76.3, 94.0) 54.2 (44.2, 64.1) −36% (−50, −22) 0.0003
POA parameters
    τ, min 10.4 (6.0, 17.9) 14.6 (7.9, 27.2) 41% (−33, 198) 0.38
    R0, mmol/L 0.069 (0.018, 0.260) 0.018 (0.004, 0.080) −74% (−96, 56) 0.16
    NEFA0, µmol/L 14.1 (9.6, 20.8) 16.3 (10.5, 25.3) 16% (−32, 96) 0.60
    kc, %/min 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) 5.9 (4.1, 8.4) 47% (−4, 124) 0.10
    SNEFA, µmol·L−1·min−1 2.73 (1.62, 4.58) 1.28 (0.71, 2.30) −53% (−77, −5) 0.06
    KNEFA, %/min 11.5 (6.3, 21.0) 6.3 (3.1, 12.3) −46% (−76, 22) 0.16
    gs, mmol/L 5.4 (4.3, 6.7) 8.6 (7.0, 11.4) 66% (24, 123) 0.005
    Φ, mmol/L 0.05 (0.01, 0.16) 0.14 (0.03, 0.57) 193% (−47, 1525) 0.24
    %Suppression 86.5 (80.9, 92.2) 62.9 (56.5, 69.3) −27% (−36, −18) <0.0001
OA Parameters
    τ, min 12.8 (8.6, 19.1) 13.0 (8.3, 20.4) 1% (−41, 75) 0.80
    R0, mmol/L 0.069 (0.018, 0.260) 0.018 (0.004, 0.080) −74% (−96, 56) 0.16
    NEFA0, µmol/L 129.4 (94.4, 177.4) 155.7 (109.1, 222.1) 20% (−22, 85) 0.41
    kc, %/min 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) 5.9 (4.1, 8.4) 47% (−4, 124) 0.10
    SNEFA, µmol·L−1·min−1 19.8 (8.7, 45.2) 11.2 (4.4, 28.3) −44% (−82, 73) 0.33
    KNEFA. %/min 11.6 (5.6, 24.3) 5.0 (2.2, 11.5) −57% (−84, 17) 0.12
    gs, mmol/L 5.6 (4.5, 6.9) 8.9 (7.0, 11.4) 60% (20, 115) 0.008
    Φ, mmol/L 0.07 (0.02, 0.29) 0.11 (0.02, 0.59) 72% (−76, 1135) 0.60
    %Suppression 85.4 (79.9, 90.8) 52.7 (46.5, 58.8) −38% (−47, −30) <0.0001
LA Parameters
    τ, min 14.1 (9.6, 20.6) 12.3 (8.0, 18.9) −13% (−48, 46) 0.61
    R0, mmol/L 0.069 (0.018, 0.260) 0.018 (0.004, 0.080) −74% (−96, 56) 0.16
    NEFA0, µmol/L 76.2 (57.8, 100.3) 84.2 (61.7, 114.8) 10% (−96, 56) 0.61
    kc, %/min 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) 5.9 (4.1, 8.4) 47% (−4, 124) 0.10
    SNEFA, µmol·L−1·min−1 9.7 (4.3, 22.2) 6.3 (2.5, 15.9) −35% (−79, 97) 0.45
    KNEFA, %/min 11.7 (6.2, 22.1) 5.3 (2.6, 10.8) −55% (−81, 7) 0.10
    gs, mmol/L 5.8 (4.5, 7.4) 9.5 (7.2, 12.6) 65% (18, 130) 0.01
    Φ, mmol/L 0.09 (0.02, 0.38) 0.09 (0.02, 0.42) −7% (−87, 537) 0.94
    %Suppression 82.6 (76.3, 88.8) 52.5 (45.4, 59.5) −37% (−47, −26) <0.0001
ALA Parameters
    τ, min 9.2 (4.9, 17.2) 10.4 (5.1, 21.1) 13% (−52, 165) 0.78
    R0, mmol/L 0.069 (0.018, 0.260) 0.018 (0.004, 0.080) −74% (−96, 56) 0.16
    NEFA0, µmol/L 4.2 (3.0, 5.8) 4.9 (3.4, 7.0) 15% (−26, 80) 0.53
    kc, %/min 4.0 (2.9, 5.5) 5.9 (4.1, 8.4) 47% (−4, 124) 0.10
    SNEFA, µmol·L−1·min−1 0.56 (0.21, 1.46) 0.49 (0.17, 1.45) −12% (−76, 226) 0.85
    KNEFA, %/min 11.0 (5.6, 21.3) 6.8 (3.2, 14.1) −39% (−75, 50) 0.30
    gs, mmol/L 5.9 (4.8, 7.2) 8.5 (6.7, 10.7) 44% (9, 90) 0.02
    Φ, mmol/L 0.08 (0.02, 0.28) 0.13 (0.03, 0.58) 76% (−70, 948) 0.54
    %Suppression 82.5 (76.6, 88.5) 59.6 (52.9, 66.3) −28% (−38, −18) 0.0002

Values are mean (95% confidence interval; model did not converge for stearic acid parameters). ALA, α-linolenic acid; gs, threshold plasma glucose concentration above which results in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppression after a delay of τ (latency, or delay time until NEFA levels begin to drop; min); kc, rate constant for movement of glucose from plasma to functional pool; KNEFA, rate constant for clearance of NEFA from the plasma; LA, linoleic acid; MA, myristic acid; NEFA0, baseline NEFA; OA, oleic acid; R0, initial concentrations of glucose in the functional pool; SNEFA, rate of NEFA secretion in the plasma; Φ, affinity constant altering SNEFA; PA, palmitic acid; POA, palmitoleic acid. Effect size is difference adjusted for age and sex, with P < 0.05 considered significant. Optimally healthy controls (OptHC), n = 14; metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), n = 52; R2 [means (SD; range)] = 90.1% (8.0; 55.1, 98.3). All parameter data, except for %suppression, were log-tranformed to satisfy test assumptions. Rows in boldface indicate a significant difference between OptHC and MetSyn.