Fig. 2.

High-fructose, high-fat (HFF)-fed pigs did not develop obesity or hyperinsulinemia. A: fasting levels of insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), leptin, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) did not differ between HFF and control (CON) on day 70 of the study. Probiotics increased insulin levels and HOMA index, which is a quantitative measure of insulin resistance. HOMA values were calculated according to the formula [fasting insulin (µU/mL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)]/405. B: lean mass composition did not differ between groups and was calculated using the formula 100 × [8.588 + (0.465 × hot carcass weight) − (21.896 × 10th rib fat depth) + (3.005 × 10th rib loin muscle area)]/hot carcass weight. C: representative images of pigs fed CON nonprobiotic (CON-N) and HFF nonprobiotic (HFF-N) diets on day 70 immediately after euthanasia. D: CON probiotic (CON-P) pigs gained more weight than HFF-N and HFF probiotic (HFF-P) between days 55 and 70 and CON-N on days 55, 58, and 67. Values are least square means ± SE. P values were adjusted for multiple testing with Tukey’s post hoc test. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. n.s., Not significant.