Fig. 8.

Taurine and choline-derived phospholipids increased in colon content of high-fructose, high-fat (HFF)-fed pigs. A: PCAs of relative abundance of colon content metabolites discriminated HFF- and control (CON)-fed pigs along the first component. Data were scaled to unit variance before PCA assessment. Two-dimensional visualization of PCA scores are projected from their group centroid along components 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2). N, nonprobiotic; P, probiotic. P value, R², and F statistic are derived from ANOVA assessed on the first principal component. Each point represents an individual pig, and color of point denotes diet. B and C: heat map of relative abundance of metabolites significantly altered by the diet in colon digesta of 70-day-old pigs, with fold change and significance levels by HFF compared with CON. Columns are individual pigs, and rows are log₂-transformed metabolite data. Blue and red represent the row minimum and maximum values, respectively. P values for each metabolite were calculated by a two-way ANOVA with a mixed model and adjusted for multiple testing with Benjamin-Hochberg procedure. D: analysis of choline as a separate variable showed a significant increase for both HFF and probiotic-fed pigs. There was also an increasing trend in taurine in response to probiotic supplementation, and both taurine and glycerophosphocholine increased in HFF compared with CON. Values are least square means ± SE. P values were adjusted for multiple testing with Tukey’s post hoc test. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001.