TABLE 1.
Unadjusted associations between selected characteristics and total dietary arsenic consumption among National Birth Defects Prevention Study control mothers, 1997–2011
| Maternal characteristic | Total arsenic (μg/day) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (<4.5) (N = 3,629) |
Medium (4.5–15.4) (N = 3,629) |
High (≥15.4) (N = 3,628) |
Medium versus low |
High versus low |
||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age (years)a | ||||||||
| <20 | 507 | 14.0 | 306 | 8.4 | 222 | 6.1 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) |
| 20–24 | 1,034 | 28.5 | 736 | 20.3 | 646 | 17.8 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) |
| 25–29 | 1,005 | 27.7 | 1,057 | 29.1 | 991 | 27.3 | Referent | Referent |
| 30–34 | 761 | 21.0 | 1,002 | 27.6 | 1,072 | 29.6 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) |
| 35–39 | 261 | 7.2 | 455 | 12.5 | 575 | 15.9 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.6) |
| ≥40 | 61 | 1.7 | 73 | 2.0 | 122 | 3.4 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.8) |
| Education (years)a | ||||||||
| 0–8 | 160 | 4.4 | 178 | 4.9 | 200 | 5.6 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
| 9–11 | 506 | 14.1 | 360 | 10 | 363 | 10.1 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) |
| 12 | 999 | 27.8 | 773 | 21.5 | 760 | 21.1 | Referent | Referent |
| 13–15 | 983 | 27.3 | 992 | 27.5 | 936 | 26 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) |
| ≥16 | 952 | 26.4 | 1,301 | 36.1 | 1,344 | 37.3 | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.1) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2,399 | 66.1 | 2,161 | 59.6 | 1,854 | 51.1 | Referent | Referent |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 201 | 5.5 | 362 | 10.0 | 591 | 16.3 | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.5) |
| Hispanic | 837 | 23.1 | 881 | 24.3 | 895 | 24.7 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) |
| Other | 191 | 5.3 | 224 | 6.2 | 286 | 7.9 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.4) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 202 | 5.8 | 189 | 5.4 | 165 | 4.8 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1,794 | 51.3 | 1,889 | 54.1 | 1,912 | 55.3 | Referent | Referent |
| 25–30.0 | 811 | 23.2 | 784 | 22.4 | 795 | 23.0 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
| ≥30.0 | 688 | 19.7 | 633 | 18.1 | 584 | 16.9 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) |
| NBDPS site | ||||||||
| Arkansas | 495 | 13.6 | 507 | 14.0 | 394 | 10.9 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) |
| California | 437 | 12.0 | 384 | 10.6 | 373 | 10.3 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) |
| Georgia | 214 | 5.9 | 347 | 9.6 | 500 | 13.8 | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | 4.1 (3.3, 5.1) |
| Iowa | 514 | 14.2 | 418 | 11.5 | 290 | 8.0 | Referent | Referent |
| Massachusetts | 318 | 8.8 | 409 | 11.3 | 553 | 15.2 | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9) | 3.1 (2.5, 3.8) |
| New Jersey | 112 | 3.1 | 165 | 4.6 | 277 | 7.6 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) | 4.4 (3.4, 5.7) |
| New York | 314 | 8.7 | 289 | 8.0 | 337 | 9.3 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) |
| North Carolina | 322 | 8.9 | 339 | 9.3 | 280 | 7.7 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) |
| Texas | 421 | 11.6 | 410 | 11.3 | 407 | 11.2 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) |
| Utah | 482 | 13.3 | 361 | 10.0 | 217 | 6.0 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
| Alcohol useb,c | ||||||||
| No drinking | 2,357 | 65.8 | 2,188 | 61.1 | 2,234 | 62.1 | Referent | Referent |
| Drinking with no binge episodes | 730 | 20.4 | 951 | 26.7 | 957 | 26.6 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) |
| Drinking and ≥1 binge episode | 496 | 13.8 | 443 | 12.4 | 408 | 11.3 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
| Cigarette smoke exposureb | ||||||||
| No active or passive smoking | 2,336 | 64.9 | 2,550 | 71.0 | 2,637 | 73.0 | Referent | Referent |
| Active smoking only | 330 | 258 | 9.2 | 7.2 | 231 | 6.4 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) |
| Passive smoking only | 450 | 445 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 445 | 12.3 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
| Active and passive smoking | 484 | 341 | 13.4 | 9.5 | 299 | 8.3 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; NBDPS, National Birth Defects Prevention Study; OR, odds ratio.
a
At delivery.
b
During the period one month before conception through the third month of pregnancy.
c
Binge drinking defined as 4 or more drinks in one sitting.