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. 2020 Mar 20;8:185. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00185

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Copyright © 2020 Carracedo, Alique, Vida, Bodega, Ceprián, Morales, Praga, de Sequera and Ramírez.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Traditional risk factors (such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus) and specific CKD risk factors (such as albuminuria or inflammation) lead to remodeling of the myocardium and blood vessels. This process may contribute to the development and progression of cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and calcification. Without treatment, these alterations may progress to ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, renal progression, and cardiovascular death.