TABLE 1.
Factors participating in oxidative stress and damage in patients with CKD, ESRD, and those undergoing HD or DP.
| Number of patients | Localization | Parameters | Results | References |
| 31 HC | Whole blood | GSH | HC = mild > moderate > severe CRF = HD | Ceballos-Picot et al., 1996 |
| 83 mild CRF | Erythrocytes | GSSG | HC = mild < HD < moderate < severe CRF HC < HD < mild = moderate = severe CRF | |
| 55 moderate CRF | Plasma | GPx | HD < HC < mild < moderate < severe CRF HD < HC = mild = moderate = severe CRF | |
| 47 severe CRF | GSSG | HD < PD < severe < moderate < mild CRF < HC HD > PD > mild = moderate = severe CRF > HC | ||
| 18 HD | Cu/Zn-SOD | |||
| 30 PD | GSH | |||
| GSSG | ||||
| 31 HC | Plasma | AOPPs | HC = mild < moderate < advance CRF | Witko-Sarsat et al., 1998 |
| 73 mild CRF | AGE-pentoside | HC < mild < moderate < advance CRF | ||
| 53 moderate CRF | MDA | HC < mild = moderate = advance CRF | ||
| 36 advanced CRF | GPx | HC > mild > moderate > advance CRF | ||
| 61 HC | Serum | TBARS; TAS | HC = CRF | Annuk et al., 2001 |
| 37 CRF | RBCs | LOOH | HC < CRF | |
| GSH | HC > CRF | |||
| GSSG; GSSG/GSH | HC < CRF | |||
| 70 HC | Plasma | Thiols | HC > CKD | Oberg et al., 2004 |
| 60 CKD | Carbonyls | HC < CKD | ||
| F2-isoprotanes | HC < CKD | |||
| CRP | HC < CKD | |||
| IL-6 | HC < CKD | |||
| 67 HC | Plasma | MDA | HC < CKD | Puchades Montesa et al., 2009 |
| 32 CKD (stage 4) | Carbonylated protein | HC < CKD | ||
| F2-isoprotanes | HC < CKD | |||
| GSH | HC > CKD | |||
| GSSG/GSH | HC < CKD | |||
| CAT; GR; GPx; SOD | HC > CKD | |||
| 8-OH-dG | HC < CKD | |||
| 21 HC | PBMNs | ROS | HC < CKD | Fortuño et al., 2005 |
| 22 CKD (stages 1 and 2) | NADPH oxidase | HC < CKD | ||
| 38 HC | Plasma | Vitamin C | HC > CKD > HD | Gondouin et al., 2015 |
| 51 CKD (stages 3, 4 and 5) 50 HD | RBCs | Zn | HC > CKD = HD | |
| SOD | HC = CKD > HD | |||
| XO | HC < CKD < HD | |||
| MDA | HC = CKD < HD | |||
| 1539 HD | Serum | AOPPs | HD > PD | Zhou et al., 2012 |
| 556 PD | MDA | HD > PD |
8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine; AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products; CAT: catalase; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; Cu: copper; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; GSSG/GSH: ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione; HC: healthy controls; HD: hemodialysis; IL-6: interleukin 6; LOOH: lipid hydroperoxides; MDA: malondialdehyde; PBMNs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD: peritoneal dialysis; RBCs: red blood cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Se: selenium; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAS: total antioxidant status; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; XO: xanthine oxidase; Zn: zinc.