Table 1.

Function of cell-specific and disease-specific membrane proteins of exosomes

Parent cell type	Protein biomarker	Function or utility	References
Hepatocyte cells	ASGR	Identify hepatocyte-derived exosomes	36
B cell	Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II	Stimulate CD4+ T cell response	37,38
M. avium-infected macrophages	M. avium glycopeptidolipids	Toll-like receptor ligands	39
Mature dendritic cell	MHC class II, Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)	Activate T cell responses	40
Non-small-cell lung cancer cell	Lipopolysaccharide binding proteins (LBP)	Identify metastatic NSCLC tumors	45
Ovarian cancer cell	Soluble E-cadherin	Identify metastatic ovarian cancer	8
Metastatic cancer cell	Integrins α6β4, α6β1 and αvβ5	Predict organ-specific metastasis	9
Metastatic melanomas	PD-L1	Identify tumors non-responsive to chemotherapy	10
Circulating exosomes	Collagens, vimentin and fibronectin	Identify stable transplant phenotypes	46