Table I.
Characteristics of subjects.
| Characteristics | Healthy subjects (N=69) | Type 1 diabetes without nephropathy (N=246) | Type 1 diabetes and nephropathy (N=22) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men/women, % (N) | 38/62 (26/43) | 46/54 (112/134) | 46/54 (10/12) |
| Age, years | 23 (21-26) | 36 (24-47)a | 33 (27.5-47)a,b |
| Diabetes duration, years | - | 14 (6.2-22) | 22 (15.2-28.8)b |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.6 (20.6-26) | 24.4 (21.8-27.8) | 23.5 (21.4-24.6) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120 (110-125) | 124 (117-135)a | 136 (126-149)a,b |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75 (70-80) | 80 (71-85)a | 89 (80-91)a,b |
| Hypertension, % (N) | 1(1) | 41(101)c | 76(19)c,d |
| On ACEI/ARB, % (N) | 0 (0) | 24(61) | 32(8) |
| HbA1c% | 5.3 (5.1-5.5) | 8.3 (7.4-9.6)a | 10.1 (8.3-11.1)a,b |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 34.4 (32.2-36.6) | 67.2 (57.4-81.4)a | 86.9 (67.2-97.8)a,b |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 0.7 (0.6-1.1) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4)a | 1.2 (1.0-1.9)a,b |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.2 (3.7-4.8) | 4.9 (4.1-5.5)a | 4.8 (4.0-6.0) |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.3 (1.8-2.7) | 2.7 (2.1-3.3) | 2.5 (2-3.5) |
| On statins, % (N) | 0 (0) | 10(26) | 12(3) |
| Smoking, % (N) | 17(12) | 26(64) | 28(7) |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 108.6 (96.5-121.8) | 110.8 (97.4-123.1) | 85.7 (56-98.6)a,b |
| Albuminuria, %(N)e: | |||
| Normoalbuminuria | 100(69) | 80(197) | 9(2)d |
| Microalbuminuria | 0 (0) | 17(42) | 9(2) |
| Macroalbuminuria | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 81(18)d |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/mmol | 0.3 (0.2-0.7) | 0.6 (0.3-1.6)a | 72.8 (46.8-152.2)a,b |
| Chronic kidney disease, % (N) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 28(7)d |
| Fundus oculi exam, % (N): | - | 17(43) | 32(7) |
| No retinopathy | 59(144) | 18(4)d | |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy | 24(59) | 50(11)d | |
| Proliferative retinopathy and status post LPC | |||
| Diabetic polyneuropathy, % (N) | - | 38(94) | 72(18)c |
| Vascular hard event, % (N) | 0 (0) | 6(15) | 12(3) |
Mean values are shown as median (q0.25-q0.75).
aP<0.05 vs. ‘healthy subjects’;
bP<0.05 vs. ‘Type 1 diabetes without nephropathy’, pairwise Wilcoxon test;
cP<0.05 vs. ‘Healthy subjects’;
dP<0.05 vs. ‘Type 1 diabetes without nephropathy’, Chi-square prop test;
emissing 7 from ‘Type 1 diabetes without nephropathy’ group. Chronic kidney disease-eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Vascular hard event-history of acute myocardial infarction, coronary bypass/percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, stroke, amputation, or peripheral vascular disease. LPC, pan-retinal laser photocoagulation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI); ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.