. 2008 May 7;1(4):265–278. doi: 10.1038/mi.2008.16

Table 1. Summary of the impact of therapeutic intervention for intracellular and extracellular acute respiratory pathogens^a.

	Intracellular pathogens		Extracellular pathogens
Intervention/treatment	Pathogen clearance	Immunopathology	Pathogen clearance	Immunopathology
Apoptosis
OX40 blockade	↔	↓	↔	↓
4-1BB blockade	↓	?^a	?	?
ICOS blockade	↓	↓	?	?
CTLA-4-Ig	↓	↓	?	?
Caspase inhibitors	?	?	↑	?
Migration
Anti-MIP-2	↔	↓	?	↓
Met-RANTES	↔	↓	?	?
MCP-1	↔	↓	?	?
CCR1 antagonism	?	↓	?	?
Innate modulation
Prior infection	↔	↓	↓	↓
Nitric oxide	?	?	↑	?
Antioxidants	?	↓	?	?
Free-radical scavengers	↔	↓	?	?
NF-κB inhibition	↔	↓	↓	?
Cytokine modulation
IFN-α	↑	↓	?	?
IL-1Ra	?	?	↓	↔
Anti-IL-12	?	↓	↓	?
Anti-TNF	↔	↓	↓	?
Anti-IFN-γ	↓	↓	↓	?
Anti-IL-10	?	↓	↑	↓
TGF-β	↓	↓	↓	↓

CTLA, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; IL-1Ra, IL-1-receptor antagonist; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor-necrosis factor.

^aThe effect of immune manipulation conforms to general observations for the majority of intracellular or extracellular pathogens. Specific organisms may vary. ? The outcome of this manipulation is currently unknown.

Table 1. Summary of the impact of therapeutic intervention for intracellular and extracellular acute respiratory pathogensa.

Table 1. Summary of the impact of therapeutic intervention for intracellular and extracellular acute respiratory pathogens^a.