Table 1. Characteristics of the subset of the UPBEAT cohort use for this study. Diagnosis of GDM was made using IADPSG thresholds (18).

		Cohort					No GDM					GDM
Factor	Cat.	No.	Mean	Std. dev.	Min.	Max.	No.	Mean	Std. dev.	Min.	Max.	No.	Mean	Std. dev.	Min.	Max.	p-Value
Maternal BMIa		831	36.27	4.8	30	63.4	582	35.88	4.43	30	59.9	249	37.18	5.47	30	63.4	<0.001
Maternal agea		831	30.73	5.4	16	45	582	30.24	5.63	16	45	249	31.88	4.62	18	44	<0.001
BGC (mM)	Fasting	831	4.75	0.56	3.5	8.4	582	4.52	0.31	3.5	5	249	5.31	0.6	3.9	8.4	<0.001
BGC (mM)	1 h	831	8.05	2.13	2.6	17.6	582	7.21	1.42	2.6	9.9	249	10	2.22	4.1	17.6	<0.001
BGC (mM)	2 h	831	6	1.53	2.4	14.6	582	5.55	1.14	2.4	8.4	249	7.06	1.79	3	14.6	<0.001
HbA1C (%)		782	4.85	0.35	3.89	6.61	546	4.79	0.33	3.89	5.78	238	4.97	0.37	4.14	6.61	<0.001
HbA1C (mMol M–1)		782	29.49	3.85	19	48.7	546	28.89	3.61	19	39.7	238	30.86	4.05	21.7	48.7	<0.001
		No.	%	Cum. (%)
Sex of infant	Male	429	51.6	—	—	—	308	—	—	—	—	121	—	—	—	—	0.254
Ethnicity	Black	169	20.34	20.34	—	—
	White	563	67.75	88.09	—	—
	Asian	54	6.5	94.59	—	—
	Other	45	5.42	100	—	—
Parity	0	379	45.61	45.61	—	—
	1	265	31.89	77.5	—	—
	2	121	14.56	92.06	—	—
	3	43	5.17	97.23	—	—
	4	15	1.81	99.04	—	—
	5	6	0.72	99.76	—	—
	7	2	0.24	100	—	—
Pre-eclampsia							772					59
Study Arm	Control	415	49.94
	Intervention	416	50.06

^aAt 17 weeks gestation. BGC, blood glucose concentration. Ethnicity is maternal.