Table 3. Estimated covariate effects with their 95% confidence intervals (four-state model).

	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Approved → Completed (n = 576)
Log sample size	0.972	[0.951, 0.993]
RCT vs. other	1.077	[0.855, 1.358]
Funding: Commercial vs. non-commercial	0.523	[0.359, 0.762]
Funding: Unstated vs. non-commercial	0.648	[0.485, 0.866]
Industry: Involved vs. not involved	2.294	[1.595, 3.298]
Primary outcome: Yes vs. no	1.422	[1.102, 1.836]
Collaboration: National multi-centre vs. national single-centre	0.848	[0.614, 1.171]
Collaboration: International multi-centre vs. national single-centre	0.694	[0.521, 0.924]
Approved → Discontinued (n = 128)
Log sample size	0.857	[0.819, 0.897]
RCT vs. other	2.375	[1.529, 3.689]
Funding: Commercial vs. non-commercial	1.795	[1.001, 3.220]
Funding: Unstated vs. non-commercial	1.565	[1.065, 2.301]
Industry: Involved vs. not involved	1.093	[0.541, 2.208]
Primary outcome: Yes vs. no	1.532	[0.924, 2.542]
Collaboration: National multi-centre vs. national single-centre	0.751	[0.429, 1.316]
Collaboration: International multi-centre vs. national single-centre	0.815	[0.482, 1.379]
Completed → Published (n = 363)
Log sample size	1.086	[0.999, 1.179]
RCT vs. other	0.832	[0.620, 1.117]
Funding: Commercial vs. non-commercial	0.429	[0.286, 0.644]
Funding: Unstated vs. non-commercial	0.374	[0.254, 0.551]
Industry: Involved vs. not involved	1.124	[0.716, 1.766]
Primary outcome: Yes vs. no	0.998	[0.711, 1.400]
Collaboration: National multi-centre vs. national single-centre	0.825	[0.527, 1.290]
Collaboration: International multi-centre vs. national single-centre	0.597	[0.392, 0.908]
Discontinued → Published (n = 32)
Log sample size	1.481	[1.468, 1.495]
RCT vs. other	0.275	[0.105, 0.724]
Funding: Commercial vs. non-commercial	0.504	[0.163, 1.559]
Funding: Unstated vs. non-commercial	--	--
Industry: Involved vs. not involved	0.437	[0.142, 1.338]
Primary outcome: Yes vs. no	1.988	[0.411, 9.625]
Collaboration: National multi-centre vs. national single-centre	2.397	[0.501, 11.481]
Collaboration: International multi-centre vs. national single-centre	1.790	[0.507, 6.317]