Table 2.

Behavioral ethogram

Category and Specific Behaviors	Measurement	Brief Descriptions
Object Manipulation	Duration	Use of hands or mouth to nonaggressively grab, hold, and explore the stimulus object
Fearful	Cumulative Frequency
Freeze1	Frequency	Rigid, motionless posture (except slight head movement) for at least 3 seconds in duration
Crouch	Frequency	Whole body, or just front bent with head near floor
Withdrawal	Frequency	Quick, jerky motion away from the stimulus object (jump back)
Grimace	Frequency	Refracted lips, exposed clenched teeth
Hostile	Cumulative Frequency
Threat bark	Frequency	Low pitch, high intensity, rasping, guttural
Threat	Frequency	Any of the following: open mouth (no teeth exposed), head-bobbing, or ear flapping
Cage aggression	Frequency	Vigorously slaps, shakes, or slams body against cage
Lunge	Frequency	A quick, jerky movement toward the stimulus
Coo vocalizations	Frequency	Clear soft pitch and intensity, sounds like “ooooh”
Stereotypies	Cumulative Duration
Pacing	Duration	Repetitive motor pattern around the test cage
Motor stereotypy	Duration	Repetitive, abnormal voluntary or involuntary motor patterns (e.g. swinging, twirling, flipping)
Anxiety2	Cumulative Frequency
Scratch	Frequency	Rapid scratch of body with hands or feet
Body shake	Frequency	Shake of the whole body or just head and shoulders region
Tooth grind1	Frequency	Repetitive, audible rubbing of upper and lower teeth
Yawn	Frequency	Open mouth widely, exposing teeth
Affiliative2	Cumulative Frequency
Grunt	Frequency	Deep, muffled, low intensity, almost gurgling sound
Lipsmack	Frequency	Rapid movement of pursed lips, accompanied by a smacking sound
Present	Frequency	Rigid posture (knees locked) with tail elevated and rump oriented toward the stimulus object

List of all behaviors scored, how they are measured and a brief definition.

^1.Behavior for which total duration was also measured.

^2.Behavior that was primarily seen during Social Aversive Stimuli trials.