Figure 2. A small fraction of proviruses retained in the latent reservoir in perinatal and adult HIV infection are induced to produce multiply-spliced HIV RNA transcripts.

(A) Percentage of proviruses in CD4⁺ T cells that were induced under standard and enhanced TILDA conditions in perinatal (n = 11, subtype B in blue and non–subtype B in red) and adult (n = 10, in orange) infections, normalized to GAGLTR copies per calculated CD4⁺ T cells. (B) Percentage of proviruses in CD4⁺ T cells that were induced under standard and enhanced TILDA conditions in perinatal (n = 7) and adult (n = 4) infections, normalized to double-positive intact copies per calculated CD4⁺ T cells as detected by IPDA. Five samples from perinatal infections were excluded from the IPDA analysis due to undetectable double-positive droplets, and thus could be used to normalize the TILDA. Open symbols represent individuals with nondetectable inducible reservoir. Bars represent median and IQR. The significance of the difference in percent induced provirus was determined using nonparametric 2-tailed unpaired Mann-Whitney U tests and paired Wilcoxon’s tests.