Table 2.
Characteristics of patients in the PainCoach group, active PainCoach subgroup, and control group.
| Characteristic | 1. PainCoach (n=38) |
2. Active PainCoach (n=19) |
3. Control (n=33) |
P value (1 vs 3) |
P value (2 vs 3) |
||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 23 (61) | 13 (68) | 19 (58) | .80 | .44 | ||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 62.6 (7.0) | 62.8 (6.1) | 64.6 (7.5) | .24 | .38 | ||
| BMIa, mean (SD) | 27.6 (3.5) | 26.7 (3.4) | 27.8 (3.0) | .83 | .24 | ||
| ASAb (I), n (%) | 18 (47) | 11 (58) | 12 (36) | .35 | .13 | ||
| Preoperative comorbidities, n (%) | 14 (37) | 8 (42) | 17 (52) | .21 | .51 | ||
| Preoperative prescription, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
NSAIDsc | 5 (13) | 3 (16) | 6 (18) | .20 | .48 | |
|
|
Acetaminophen | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | .92 | >.99 | |
|
|
Opiate | 3 (8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .24 | >.99 | |
|
|
Gabapentin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >.99 | >.99 | |
| Preoperative anxiety, n (%) |
|
|
|
.59 | >.99 | ||
|
|
No anxiety | 33 (87) | 18 (95) | 30 (91) |
|
|
|
|
|
Some anxiety | 5 (13) | 1 (5) | 3 (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
Much anxiety | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
|
|
|
| History of knee surgery on the same side, n (%) | 27 (71) | 15 (79) | 21 (64) | .51 | .25 | ||
| Charnley score, n (%) |
|
|
|
.64 | .98 | ||
|
|
One knee affected with OAd | 22 (58) | 12 (63) | 19 (58) |
|
|
|
|
|
Both knees affected with OA | 7 (18) | 3 (16) | 6 (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
Contralateral TKRe | 5 (13) | 1 (5) | 2 (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
Multiple joints affected with OA | 4 (11) | 3 (16) | 6 (18) |
|
|
|
| Education level, n (%) |
|
|
|
.33 | .30 | ||
|
|
Primary school | 3 (8) | 1 (5) | 1 (3) |
|
|
|
|
|
Secondary school | 14 (37) | 7 (37) | 10 (31) |
|
|
|
|
|
Tertiary school | 21 (55) | 11 (58) | 21 (66) |
|
|
|
| Marital status, n (%) |
|
|
|
.19 | .09 | ||
|
|
Married | 29 (76) | 18 (95) | 22 (67) |
|
|
|
|
|
Otherf | 9 (24) | 1 (5) | 11 (33) |
|
|
|
| Pain coping, mean (SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Catastrophization | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.6) | .15 | .32 | |
|
|
Pain coping | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.7 (0.8) | .68 | .66 | |
|
|
Internal pain management | 4.1 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.9) | 3.9 (0.8) | .24 | .29 | |
|
|
External pain management | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.8) | .31 | .36 | |
| Preoperative VASg pain, median (IQRh) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Knee at rest | 33.0 (20.8-52.8) | 33.0 (13.0-43.0) | 32.0 (17.8-49.0) | .65 | .82 | |
|
|
Knee during activity | 60.5 (36.5-77.3) | 57.0 (30.0-75.0) | 60.0 (43.3-73.8) | .82 | .69 | |
|
|
Knee at night | 20.5 (4.8-42.5) | 15.0 (1.0-30.0) | 35.5 (15.0-58.5) | .11 | .02i | |
| Preoperative acceptable pain, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Knee at rest | 29 (76) | 16 (84) | 27 (82) | .40 | >.99 | |
|
|
Knee during activity | 16 (42) | 10 (53) | 13 (39) | .90 | .41 | |
|
|
Knee at night | 28 (74) | 16 (84) | 27 (82) | .28 | >.99 | |
| Preoperative KOOS-PSj, median (IQR) | 47.3 (41.6-55.3) | 46.1 (40.3-54.4) | 48.5 (40.3-57.9) | .76 | .96 | ||
| Preoperative OKSk, mean (SD) | 25.3 (7.2) | 27.0 (7.2) | 24.8 (5.6) | .75 | .23 | ||
| Preoperative EQ-5Dl descriptive system, median (IQR) | 0.775 (0.471-0.783) | 0.775 (0.516-0.807) | 0.775 (0.651-0.807) | .27 | .81 | ||
| Preoperative EQ VASm, median (IQR) | 86.0 (73.6-94.3) | 87.0 (79.0-93.0) | 86.0 (74.0-95.5) | .89 | .72 | ||
| Complications, n (%) | 3 (8) | 2 (11) | 1 (3) | .62 | .55 | ||
aBMI: body mass index.
bASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.
cNSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
dOA: osteoarthritis.
eTKR: total knee replacement.
fOther marital status: single, living together, divorced, widow(er), living apart together relationship, different.
gVAS: visual analog scale.
hIQR: interquartile range.
iSignificant difference (P<.05).
jKOOS-PS: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score–Physical Function Short-form.
kOKS: Oxford Knee Score.
lEQ-5D: EuroQol-5 Dimensions.
mEQ VAS: EuroQol visual analog scale.