Table 1.

Family classification of cytokines^a relevant to this review

Family	Members
Hematopoietinb	IL-2; IL-6c; IL-11c,d; IL-12e; G-CSFc; GM-CSF; leptinc,f; EPOg; TPOg
IL-1	IL-1α; IL-1β; IL-18h
IL-10i	IL-10j
IL-17k	IL-17; IL-17B; IL-17C; IL-17D; IL-17E; IL-17F
Interferonl	IFNα-1; IFN α-2; IFNβ-1; IFNγ-1
PDGFm	EGF; KGF; M-CSF; PDGFA-D; PGF; VEGFA-D
TGFβ	BMP-2n; BMP-7o; TGFβ1p; TGFβ2p; TGFβ3p
TNF	TNF; TNFSF4q; TNFSF5r; TNFSF6s; TNFSF10t, TNFSF11u; TNFSF12v
Chemokines	CC subfamily; CXC subfamily; C subfamily; CX3C subfamilyw

BMP bone morphogenetic protein, EGF epidermal growth factor, EPO erythropoietin, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IFN interferon, IL interleukin, KGF keratino- cyte growth factor, M-CSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor, PDGF platelet- derived growth factor, PGF placenta growth factor, TGFβ transforming growth factor β, TNF tumor necrosis factor, TNFSF tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member, TPO thrombopoietin, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor

^aBased on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes [27] and Vacchelli et al. [22]

^bClass I cytokines

^cMember of IL-6 receptor subfamily that also includes IL-11, G-CSF and leptin. IL-6 involved in cytokine storm reactions

^dAlso called AGIF, adipogenesis inhibitory factor. Promotes platelet recovery after chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia

^ePromotes Th1 responses and stimulates production of IFNγ and TNF from T and NK cells

^fHomologous in structure to a cytokine. Included here according to [22] but often described as a hormone. Produced primarily in adipose tissue; regulates fat storage

^gMember of single chain subfamily

^hProinflammatory but suppresses metastasis surveillance by NK cells

ⁱClass II cytokines. Interferons sometimes classified in this family. Family also includes IL-19, -20, 22, -24, -26

^jAnti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

^kProinflammatory cytokines; stimulate release of other cytokines, e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF, TGFβ, TNF

^lClass II cytokines. Comprise 3 types: type I (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNω1, IFNκ1, FNτ1), type II (IFNγ), type III (incl IL-28A, -28B, -29)

^mPDGFs, PGF & VEGFs belong to subclass I of cysteine-knot growth factors. M-CSF is incl- uded in the 4-helix bundle growth factors

ⁿBMP2 subfamily

^oBMP5 subfamily

^pMember of TGFβ subfamily

^qAlso called OX40L & CD252, the ligand for CD134. Expressed on the surface of activated B, T, dendritic and endothelial cells

^rAlso called CD40L & CD154. Costimulatory molecule with T cell receptor in activation of antigen presenting cells

^sAlso called FASL or Fas ligand. Binding with its receptor induces apoptosis

^tAlso called CD253 or TRAIL,TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

^uAlso called RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand

^vAlso called TWEAK, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis

^wSmall peptides divided into 4 subfamilies on the basis of a cysteine motif