Table 2.
Overview of case series
| Authors ([Ref.]) | Procedure-related complications | Shunt dysfunction | Encephalopathy | Survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luca et al. ([80]) | Stent migration into the MPV (1) | 1-, 2-year cumulative rate | 1-, 2-year cumulative rate | TIPS success group: |
| 38%, 85% for bare stents | ||||
| 21%, 29% for covered stents | 27%, 32% | 1-, 2-year cumulative survival rate: 89 and 81% | ||
| Han et al. (78) | Hepatic capsule perforation (2) | 1-, 2-year cumulative rate | 1-, 2-year cumulative rate: | TIPS success group: |
| 1 died of intraperitoneal bleeding | 1-, 5-year cumulative survival rate: 86%, 77% | |||
| 1 was rescued | TIPS failure group: | |||
| Bile duct puncture (1) | 21%, 32% for bare stents. | 25%, 27% | 1-, 5-year cumulative survival rate: 78%, 62% | |
| Luo et al. ([79]) | Intraperitoneal bleeding and death (1) | 15% (2/13) | 8% (1/13) | TIPS success group: |
| Hematoma beneath the hepatic capsule (reversible) (1) | Survival rate: 92% (12/13) | |||
| Fanelli et al. ([77]) | Intraperitoneal bleeding (reversible) (1) | 30% (3/10) | 20% (2/10) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 70% (7/10). | ||||
| 1 died of sepsis (6.3 months); 1 of ischemic stroke; 1 of neoplasm (9.3 months) | ||||
| TIPS failure group: | ||||
| Survival rate: 100% (3/3) | ||||
| Perarnau et al. ([76]) | Early thrombosis (3) | 28% (8/29) | 1-, 2-year cumulative rate: 27%, 27% | TIPS success group: |
| Hemobilia (1) | 1-, 2-, 4-year cumulative survival rate: 80%, 72%, 55% | |||
| Digestive bleeding (1) | TIPS failure group: NA | |||
| Liu et al. ([72]) | No | 12% (3/26) | 0% (0/26) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 96% (25/26) | ||||
| 1 died of abdominal abscess and MOF | ||||
| Gazzera et al. ([67]) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Semiz-Oysu et al. ([66]) | NA | NA | NA | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 60% (6/10) 1 died of continued bleeding (8 days) | ||||
| 1 of HRS and sepsis (28 days); 1 of intraperitoneal bleeding (3 days); 1 of intractable gastrointestinal bleeding (3 months) | ||||
| Bauer et al. ([63]) | No | 11% (1/9) | 0% (0/9) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 78% (7/9) | ||||
| 1 died of renal failure and sepsis (44 months); 1 of massive variceal bleeding without portal vein recanalization (42 months) | ||||
| Van Ha et al. ([61]) | Hematoma in the neck (1) | 8% (1/13) | 8% (1/13) | TIPS success group: survival rate: 85% (11/13) |
| 2 died of MOF (7, 20 days) TIPS failure group: 1 died of variceal bleeding (12 days); 1 lost to follow-up | ||||
| Senzolo et al. (56) | Capsular perforation without sequelae (10) | 32% (6/19) | 5% (1/19) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 95% (18/19) | ||||
| 1 died of bleeding | ||||
| TIPS failure group: | ||||
| Extrahepatic portal vein laceration (cured by covered stent) (1) | Survival rate: 78% (7/9) | |||
| Biliary punctures without sequelae (3) | 1 died of RVB; 1 died of underlying hematological diseases | |||
| Wallace et al. ([55]) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Bilbao et al. ([52]) | No | 50% (3/6) | 0% (0/6) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 83% (5/6) | ||||
| 1 died of tumor progression (10 months) | ||||
| Jiang et al. ([53]) | Needle puncture through the liver and into the peritoneum cavity without sequelae (2) | 20% (2/10) | 50% (5/10) | TIPS success group: |
| Mean survival time: 132.3 days | ||||
| 5 died of dyscrasia or liver failure | ||||
| TIPS failure group: | ||||
| Mean survival time: 34 days | ||||
| Ganger et al. ([39]) | Laceration of liver and capsule (died) (1) | 33% (3/9) | NA | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 78% (7/9) | ||||
| 1 died of MOF (0.5 month), 1 died of TIPS complications | ||||
| Laceration of IVC (reversible) (1) | TIPS failure group: NA | |||
| Stein et al. ([40]) | Minor subcapsular bleeding (1) | 2/12 (17%) | NA | NA |
| Biliary leak from intrahepatic duct (1) | ||||
| Walser et al. ([37]) | No | 9 shunt revisions (up to 5 per patient) | NA | TIPS success group: NA |
| TIPS failure group: | ||||
| Alive for a mean interval of 14 months | ||||
| Blum et al. ([31]) | No | 14% (1/7) | 0% (0/7) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 86% (6/7); 1 died of progressive liver failure with sepsis (1 month) | ||||
| Radosevich et al. ([28]) | No | 29% (2/7) | 0% (0/7) | TIPS success group: |
| Survival rate: 71% (5/7) | ||||
| 1 died of hepatoma (1 day), 1 of progressive liver failure (2 months) | ||||
| TIPS failure group: | ||||
| 2 alive; 1 lost to follow-up |
HRS hepatorenal syndrome, IVC inferior vena cava, MOF multiple organ failure, MPV main portal vein, NA not available, RVB recurrent variceal bleeding, TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portoysystemic shunt